光遗传学采用光学手段对大脑神经活动进行调控，为神经科学研究提供重要技术手段，促进了当代神经科学里程碑式的发展。由于光在生物组织中的非侵入穿透深度极其有限，传统光遗传学一般采用损伤性植入光纤的方式，导致光刺激的空间精度无法保证。近年来，随着光学技术的进步，精准光遗传学逐渐兴起。精准光遗传学一般采用具备深穿透能力、高时空分辨率的光学系统，具有单细胞精度的神经调控能力和亚细胞精度的神经元集群活动实时检测能力。从技术原理、光路构建和系统优化等几个方面对精准光遗传学研究进行分析和讨论，最后讨论精准光遗传学研究中的技术局限和可能的解决方案，并展望精准光遗传学技术的未来发展方向和应用场景。

Optogenetics uses optical technologies to control brain neural activity, providing important techniques and developing contemporary neuroscience. Because the noninvasive penetration depth of light is restricted in biological tissue, traditional optogenetics implants an invasive optical fiber, resulting in the inability to guarantee the spatial precision of light stimulation. Recently, with the advancement of optical technology, precision optogenetics has gradually emerged. Precision optogenetics primarily uses a deep-penetration optical system with a high spatiotemporal resolution, single-cell precision neuromodulation capabilities, and real-time detection capabilities for subcellular precision neuronal cluster activity. In this study, we analyzed and discussed the technical principles, optical path construction, and system optimization of precision optogenetics. Finally, we look forward to the future developments and applications of precision optogenetics by discussing the technical limitations and possible solutions.