神经环路动态功能的解析是当前脑科学领域的重点和难点，微型化显微成像技术为其研究提供了重要手段。相较于双光子荧光成像和光纤光度法，微型化显微系统能够在模式动物自由活动状态下进行长时程、单细胞分辨率、实时成像。近十几年来，科学家们围绕可穿戴、高稳定性要求，先后研制了单光子、多光子成像系统，并从荧光探针、光电子元件、数据传输等方面进行不断优化，提升系统性能，扩展应用范围。将从成像原理、基本结构、系统优化、应用方案及未来发展方向等方面对微型化显微成像系统进行分析和讨论，综述各方向研究进展，旨在为该领域技术提升和神经科学应用提供参考。

Analysis of the dynamic function of neural circuits is the focus and difficulty of current brain science research. Recently, miniaturized microscopic imaging technologies provide important research tools. Compared with two-photon fluorescence imaging and fiber photometry, miniaturized microscopic imaging systems can perform long-term, subcellular resolution, real-time imaging in freely moving animals. In the past ten years, scientists have successively developed wearable one-photon and multi-photon imaging systems with high stability. In order to improve performance and expand applications, they continuously optimized systems from the aspects of probes, optoelectronic components, data transmission and etc. In this paper, we will analyze and discuss the imaging principle, basic structure, system optimization, application scheme, and future development of miniaturized microscopic imaging systems. We summarize the research progresses in various directions, aiming to provide a reference for technology improvement and application expansion of neuroscience.