星载环境探测激光雷达能够获取昼夜环境垂直剖面信息，已成为各国发展的重要遥感技术。经过近30年的发展，该技术获取了大量全球地表信息和大气海洋环境信息，为人类合理利用地球资源、应对全球生态环境和气候问题做出了巨大贡献。概述了星载环境探测激光雷达的发展历史，重点阐述了星载激光雷达模拟器、星地真实性检验和数据处理与应用等关键技术，探讨了星载环境探测激光雷达技术的未来发展方向。通过介绍星载环境探测激光雷达及其关键技术的背景知识，帮助科研人员理解星载环境探测激光雷达如何为地球系统探测提供关键数据，从而更好地保障数据精度及将数据应用于地球科学研究。

Spaceborne environmental detection lidar, acquiring vertical profiles of environmental information at both day and night, has become an important remote sensing technology for several countries. After nearly 30 years of development, this technology has obtained a large amount of global surface information and atmospheric oceanic environmental information, which has made a great contribution to the rational utilization of earth resources and dealing with global ecological environment and climate problems. In this paper, the development history of spaceborne environmental detection lidar is summarized. The key technologies including the space-borne lidar simulator, satellite-ground validation, and data processing and application are emphasized. The future development directions of spaceborne environmental detection lidar are discussed. The background knowledge of spaceborne environmental detection lidar and its key technologies are introduced to help researchers understand how spaceborne environmental detection lidar provides key data for earth system detection, so that the data accuracy can be better guaranteed and lidar data can be more applied into earth science studies.