空芯微结构光纤按照导光原理不同可分为空芯光子带隙光纤和空芯反谐振光纤。在这两种光纤中，空气孔内壁粗糙度导致的散射损耗是其损耗来源之一。在空芯光子带隙光纤中，散射损耗是其损耗的主要原因；在空芯反谐振光纤中，在短波长时散射损耗也是其损耗的重要原因之一。为了降低空芯微结构光纤的散射损耗，需要针对空气孔内壁粗糙度展开深入研究。为此，本文介绍了空芯微结构光纤空气孔内壁粗糙度相关理论、测试技术和抑制方法的研究进展，对相关理论和实验结果进行了总结，对将来需要重点研究的方向提出了建议。

On the basis of different light guiding principles, hollow-core microstructure fibers can be divided into hollow-core photonic band gap fibers and hollow-core anti-resonant fibers. For these two types of fibers, scattering loss caused by the roughness of the inner wall of the air hole is one of the sources of loss. Scattering loss is the main source of loss in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers. In hollow-core anti-resonant fibers, scattering loss is also one of the important reasons for loss during operation in the short-wavelength region. To reduce the scattering loss of hollow-core microstructure optical fibers, in-depth research on the roughness of the inner wall of the air hole is necessary. Therefore, in this paper, research progress on the relevant theory, measurement technologies, and suppression methods for the roughness of the inner wall of the air hole in hollow-core microstructure optical fibers are described. Further, relevant theory and experimental results are summarized, and important future research directions are suggested.