长期以来，乳腺癌的发病率占据全球女性恶性肿瘤发病率的首位。国际癌症研究机构最新发布的2020年全球癌症负担数据显示，乳腺癌在全球发病数超过了肺癌，成为全球第一大癌。多光子显微技术（MPM）是基于激光与生物组织相互作用发生的多光子激发荧光和谐波等非线性光学效应的一种先进医学成像技术。多光子显微技术不但在成像分辨率上具有与组织病理学分辨率相当的优势，而且具有无标记、免切片、光学层析成像、反映细胞的功能代谢信息、三维靶向消融能力、较低的光漂白与光损伤、高成像对比度等优势。因此，多光子显微技术在医学病理诊断，特别是肿瘤病理诊断临床转化的基础研究和应用研究领域一直受到广泛的关注。详细阐述了多光子显微技术在乳腺肿瘤微环境预后预测研究中的应用进展，并展望了其未来发展前景。

Brest cancer has historically ranked number one in the global incidence of malignant tumors in women. The latest International Agency for Research on Cancer by the World Health Organization shows that breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the leading type of cancer worldwide. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an advanced medical imaging technique based on nonlinear optical effects, such as multiphoton excited fluorescence and harmonic generation, occurring owing to laser interactions with biological tissues. MPM offers the advantage of a resolution comparable to digital histopathology as well as requires no labeling or sectioning while providing three-dimensional optical imaging that reflects the metabolic function information of cells, three-dimensional targeted ablation capability, low photobleaching and photodamage, and a high imaging contrast. Therefore, MPM has garnered considerable research interest locally and globally in the field of basic and applied research in medical pathological diagnosis, particularly in the clinical translation of tumor pathological diagnosis. Herein, the application progress of MPM in the prognostic prediction of breast tumor microenvironments is introduced in detail and its future development prospects are presented.