随着纳米光子学的发展，光学结构如光学微腔、波导结构、光子晶体、亚波长光栅、超构表面等能够在微纳尺度实现对光的传输与调控，推动了光学集成化的发展。亚波长光栅由于其结构简单、成本低廉等特点得到了科学家们广泛的研究，应用在各种光学器件，逐渐形成了光栅分析模型的成熟理论体系。结合周期性结构耦合行为及超构表面中超构原子的散射调制特性，从亚波长光栅衍生出的超构光栅能够利用周期性布拉格散射提高调控光束的效率，从而避免了超构表面相位离散化带来的效率降低和能量损失。科学家们研究并设计了超构光栅，更多的物理现象及应用被探究和挖掘。文中对亚波长光栅以及超构光栅的基本理论、设计和应用进行了概述。从基本原理出发，论述了亚波长光栅和超构光栅的特性，综述了二者的理论设计及单元设计方法，并介绍了在生物传感、滤光片光谱调控和吸收薄膜等方面的应用。最后，展望了未来的发展方向。

With the development of nanophotonics, optical structures, such as optical microcavity, waveguide structure, photonic crystal, subwavelength gratings and metasurfaces, can realize light transmission and manipulation at nanoscale, which promotes the development of optical integration. Subwavelength grating has been widely studied by scientists because of its simple structure and low cost. It has gradually formed a mature theoretical system of grating analysis model when applied to various optical devices. Combined with the coupling of periodic structure and scattering modulation characteristics of meta-atoms, the metagrating derived from subwavelength gratings can improve the efficiency by using periodic Bragg scattering, thus avoiding the efficiency reduction and energy loss caused by the phase discretization. Scientists have studied and designed metagratings, and more physical phenomena and applications have been explored. In this paper, the basic theory, design and application of subwavelength gratings and metagratings were summarized. Based on the basic principle, the characteristics of subwavelength gratings and metagratings were discussed, the theoretical and unit design methods were also outlined and their applications in biosensing, spectral control of filter and absorption film were introduced. Finally, the future development was prospected.