开展了J量级系统储能下电脉冲参数对水中火花放电特性影响研究。驱动源采用参数可调的固态重频纳秒脉冲电源，放电负载为水中针-板结构（间距1 mm），在低重频条件（约5 Hz）下进行实验。通过调节放电参数、拍摄高速阴影图像、光谱诊断以及声信号测量，研究水中脉冲放电的物理特性，得到不同放电参数下放电演化规律及其对声学、光谱特性影响。实验发现：在J量级储能下，放电通道连通两极后，回路电流在几百ns内快速上升至10 A左右，随后缓慢下降，持续50～60 μs。发现预设脉宽对放电影响较大，短脉宽条件下放电会被电源固态开关强制截断出现反向放电，而长脉宽条件下放电通道在后期变得不稳定甚至熄弧中断，出现气泡中二次放电现象。辐射光谱揭示了更多等离子体信息，推断通道电子密度在10¹⁸ cm⁻³量级，随着脉宽增加，特征谱线强度增加，表明活性粒子数密度增加，但粒子种类不变。短脉冲（＜150 μs）作用下产生的脉冲声波的特征宽度在110～150 μs，而当脉宽继续增大，声波脉宽并不继续增加而是保持不变，保持在150 μs左右。研究结果对水中小能量火花放电的机理研究有一定参考价值，为水声学、液相等离子体等领域的应用提供思路。

天文定姿是飞行器实现高精度自主导航的重要技术手段之一。高超声速飞行器在飞行过程中会产生激波，造成光线偏折，影响星敏感器的观测和天文定姿导航的性能。现代高超声速飞行器多采用乘波体设计，其载荷舱部分可简化为楔面结构。论文聚焦高超声速飞行器上楔面激波，基于空气动力学理论，给出了高超声速楔面激波结构参数的解析计算方法，以及激波对光线偏折影响的量化测算模型。提出了一种利用解析计算结果控制光线偏折的校正模型，讨论了激波角测量误差在该模型中的传播，证明了激波角测量误差与其引起的校正效果偏差其呈负线性相关。仿真试验表明，在高度20 km、马赫数5-8的条件下，楔面上方形成稳定的激波结构，对入射光线造成的偏折可达6.8"；解析计算方法获得的激波角参数与试验结果误差在0.1"以内。这意味着运用该模型来校正光线偏折的误差可以控制在激波角观测误差的量级，可以显著提升观测精度。

Although the streaked optical pyrometer (SOP) system has been widely adopted in shock temperature measurements, its reliability has always been of concern. Here, two calibrated Planckian radiators with different color temperatures were used to calibrate and verify the SOP system by comparing the two calibration standards using both multi-channel and single-channel methods. A high-color-temperature standard lamp and a multi-channel filter were specifically designed for the measurement system. To verify the reliability of the SOP system, the relative deviation between the measured data and the standard value of less than 5% was calibrated out, which demonstrates the reliability of the SOP system. Furthermore, a method to analyze the uncertainty and sensitivity of the SOP system is proposed. A series of laser-induced shock experiments were conducted at the ‘Shenguang-II’ laser facility to verify the reliability of the SOP system for temperature measurements at tens of thousands of kelvin. The measured temperature of the quartz in our experiments agreed fairly well with previous works, which serves as evidence for the reliability of the SOP system.

A novel laboratory experimental design is described that will investigate the processing of dust grains in astrophysical shocks. Dust is a ubiquitous ingredient in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies; however, its evolutionary cycle is still poorly understood. Especially shrouded in mystery is the efficiency of grain destruction by astrophysical shocks generated by expanding supernova remnants. While the evolution of these remnants is fairly well understood, the grain destruction efficiency in these shocks is largely unknown. The experiments described herein will fill this knowledge gap by studying the dust destruction efficiencies for shock velocities in the range (), at which most of the grain destruction and processing in the ISM takes place. The experiments focus on the study of grain–grain collisions by accelerating small () dust particles into a large ( diameter) population; this simulates the astrophysical system well in that the more numerous, small grains impact and collide with the large population. Facilities that combine the versatility of high-power optical lasers with the diagnostic capabilities of X-ray free-electron lasers, e.g., the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, provide an ideal laboratory environment to create and diagnose dust destruction by astrophysically relevant shocks at the micron scale.

The laser-induced relativistic shock waves are described. The shock waves can be created directly by a high irradiance laser or indirectly by a laser acceleration of a foil that collides with a second static foil. A special case of interest is the creation of laser-induced fusion where the created alpha particles create a detonation wave. A novel application is suggested with the shock wave or the detonation wave to ignite a pre-compressed target. In particular, the deuterium–tritium fusion is considered. It is suggested that the collision of two laser accelerated foils might serve as a novel relativistic accelerator for bulk material collisions.

In this paper we consider laser intensities greater than 1016 W cm?2 where the ablation pressure is negligible in comparison with the radiation pressure. The radiation pressure is caused by the ponderomotive force acting mainly on the electrons that are separated from the ions to create a double layer (DL). This DL is accelerated into the target, like a piston that pushes the matter in such a way that a shock wave is created. Here we discuss two novel ideas. Firstly, the transition domain between the relativistic and non-relativistic laser-induced shock waves. Our solution is based on relativistic hydrodynamics also for the above transition domain. The relativistic shock wave parameters, such as compression, pressure, shock wave and particle flow velocities, sound velocity and rarefaction wave velocity in the compressed target, and temperature are calculated. Secondly, we would like to use this transition domain for shockwave-induced ultrafast ignition of a pre-compressed target. The laser parameters for these purposes are calculated and the main advantages of this scheme are described. If this scheme is successful a new source of energy in large quantities may become feasible.