中子皮是不稳定原子核中存在的一种奇特结构，在核反应过程中会产生各种效应。不同理论模型研究发现，中子皮厚度会影响核-核碰撞中的中子擦去截面、轻粒子产额比、重碎片产额比、光子产生截面等物理量，也与原子核的集团结构、表面宽度、温度等存在密切关系。在高能重离子碰撞中研究发现，中子皮同样存在明确的效应。实验上，基于放射性核束装置可以产生具有中子皮结构的不稳定核，通过测量其与稳定核发生反应后与中子皮敏感的观测量，能提取或确定中子皮厚度。结合核理论模型，可以进一步约束非对称核物质的状态方程及核天体的相关性质。

Thanks to a rapid progress of high-power lasers since the birth of laser by T. H. Maiman in 1960, intense lasers have been developed mainly for studying the scientific feasibility of laser fusion. Inertial confinement fusion with an intense laser has attracted attention as a new future energy source after two oil crises in the 1970s and 1980s. From the beginning, the most challenging physics is known to be the hydrodynamic instability to realize the spherical implosion to achieve more than 1000 times the solid density. Many studies have been performed theoretically and experimentally on the hydrodynamic instability and resultant turbulent mixing of compressible fluids. During such activities in the laboratory, the explosion of supernova SN1987A was observed in the sky on 23 February 1987. The X-ray satellites have revealed that the hydrodynamic instability is a key issue to understand the physics of supernova explosion. After collaboration between laser plasma researchers and astrophysicists, the laboratory astrophysics with intense lasers was proposed and promoted around the end of the 1990s. The original subject was mainly related to hydrodynamic instabilities. However, after two decades of laboratory astrophysics research, we can now find a diversity of research topics. It has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that a variety of nonlinear physics of collisionless plasmas can be studied in laser ablation plasmas in the last decade. In the present paper, we shed light on the recent 10 topics studied intensively in laboratory experiments. A brief review is given by citing recent papers. Then, modeling cosmic-ray acceleration with lasers is reviewed in a following session as a special topic to be the future main topic in laboratory astrophysics research.

氢是自然界最丰富的元素，是天体物理和惯性约束聚变（ICF）研究的重要对象。简要综述了国内外氢及氘宽区物态方程研究进展，特别评述了OMEGA激光装置上的最新冲击压缩 实验和理论模型的对比分析情况。在以往数据分析评估基础上，利用改进的化学自由能模型、第一原理数值模拟结果及多参数物态方程模型，构建了氢的宽区物态方程，适用温度、密度范围分别为20～10⁸ K，10⁻⁷～2000 g/cm³。与已有多类实验如冲击压缩实验、静高压等温线实验、声速等实验结果对比表明，新构建的氢宽区物态方程具有较高的置信度，为天体物理、惯性约束聚变、国际热核实验堆等工程物理设计提供高精度的支撑数据。氢宽区物态方程的构建及验证方法亦可适用于其同位素氘，该方法构建的氘宽区物态方程与2019年最新发表的主雨贡纽、二次冲击雨贡纽数据的吻合程度明显优于当前国外模型。指出了未来研究需要关注的状态区域。

In this work we present experimental results on the behavior of diamond at megabar pressure. The experiment was performed using the PHELIX facility at GSI in Germany to launch a planar shock into solid multi-layered diamond samples. The target design allows shock velocity in diamond and in two metal layers to be measured as well as the free surface velocity after shock breakout. As diagnostics, we used two velocity interferometry systems for any reflector (VISARs). Our measurements show that for the pressures obtained in diamond (between 3 and 9 Mbar), the propagation of the shock induces a reflecting state of the material. Finally, the experimental results are compared with hydrodynamical simulations in which we used different equations of state, showing compatibility with dedicated SESAME tables for diamond.