介绍了激光-等离子体相互作用产生正电子的相关实验和数值模拟研究进展。简要回顾了激光-等离子体相互作用正电子的发现过程及激光-等离子体作用产生正电子的三种物理机制；详细地叙述了激光与物质相互作用产生正电子的两类典型实验方式（即直接方式和间接方式）及相关的实验和数值模拟结果；对激光-等离子体相互作用产生正电子的研究进行了评述。从现有研究进展来看，目前理论研究和实验研究所获结论差异较大，还需要从激光设备、实验方案设计以及理论和模拟研究方面做大量细致的工作。

In the scheme of fast ignition of inertial confinement fusion, the fuel temperature mainly relies on fast electrons, which act as an energy carrier, transferring the laser energy to the fuel. Both conversion efficiency from the laser to the fast electron and the energy spectrum of the fast electron are essentially important to achieve highly effective heating. In this study, a two-dimensional particle in cell simulation is applied to study the generation of fast electrons from solid-density plasmas with different laser waveforms. The results have shown that the slope of the rising edge has a significant effect on fast electron generation and energy absorption. For the negative skew pulse with a relatively slow rising edge, the J×B mechanism can most effectively accelerate the electrons. The overall absorption efficiency of the laser energy is optimized, and the fast electron yield in the middle- and low-energy range is also improved.

A new approach to target development for laboratory astrophysics experiments at high-power laser facilities is presented. With the dawn of high-power lasers, laboratory astrophysics has emerged as a field, bringing insight into physical processes in astrophysical objects, such as the formation of stars. An important factor for success in these experiments is targetry. To date, targets have mainly relied on expensive and challenging microfabrication methods. The design presented incorporates replaceable machined parts that assemble into a structure that defines the experimental geometry. This can make targets cheaper and faster to manufacture, while maintaining robustness and reproducibility. The platform is intended for experiments on plasma flows, but it is flexible and may be adapted to the constraints of other experimental setups. Examples of targets used in experimental campaigns are shown, including a design for insertion in a high magnetic field coil. Experimental results are included, demonstrating the performance of the targets.

建立了混合多组分等离子体高压查尔特鞘层动力学模型，数值研究了氘钛等离子体高压查尔特鞘层特性。理论与数值研究结果表明，提升D⁺离子比例、降低D⁺离子及Ti²⁺离子入鞘速度、降低等离子体密度等方式，均会有效增加鞘层厚度，并降低靶面场强幅值，这些方式有利于离子汇聚传输和降低靶面击穿风险。随加速电压的增加，离子引出稳定工作区域范围呈现先增加后减小的趋势。增加D⁺离子比例、减小D⁺离子及Ti²⁺离子入鞘速度，均会显著增加离子引出稳定工作区域范围。

液相等离子体是冷等离子体的一个新分支，具有温度低、传质传热快、常压操作、反应活性高等特点。基于液相等离子体的过程强化技术在纳米材料制备、挥发性有机物降解、杀菌消毒、化学合成等领域有广泛的应用前景。以液相等离子体中纳米材料的制备为研究对象，介绍了反应体系可能存在的活性粒子、检测方法和反应机理；对常见的反应器结构进行归纳整理，按照放电是否在电解液内部进行将其分为非浸没式和浸没式液相等离子体两大类，并列举了几种典型的反应器结构；介绍了几类利用液相等离子体技术制备纳米材料的典例，并对该领域的研究现状做了总结；对该领域亟需解决的问题与发展方向进行讨论与展望。

Engineered targets are expected to play a key role in future high-power laser experiments calling for joined, extensive knowledge in materials properties, engineering techniques and plasma physics. In this work, we propose a novel patterning procedure of self-supported 10 μm thick Au and Cu foils for obtaining micrometre-sized periodic gratings as targets for high-power laser applications. Accessible techniques were considered, by using cold rolling, electron-beam lithography and the Ar-ion milling process. The developed patterning procedure allows efficient control of the grating and foil surface on large area. Targets consisting of patterned regions of 450 μm × 450 μm, with 2 μm periodic gratings, were prepared on 25 mm × 25 mm Au and Cu free-standing foils, and preliminary investigations of the micro-targets interacting with an ultrashort, relativistic laser pulse were performed. These test experiments demonstrated that, in certain conditions, the micro-gratings show enhanced laser energy absorption and higher efficiency in accelerating charge particle beams compared with planar thin foils of similar thickness.