细菌是人类最常见的致病源之一，不仅严重危害人类健康和公共卫生安全，还带来了巨额的医疗支出。快速而准确的细菌检测对细菌感染的治疗具有重要的意义。光谱检测方法不但可以快速实时地获得细菌的分类、含量以及功能状态等信息，而且具有操作简单、非侵入性的优势，在细菌检测领域具有巨大的潜力。本文介绍了拉曼光谱、太赫兹光谱、可见光和近红外光光谱、荧光光谱在细菌检测方面的研究与应用，并对可见光和近红外光光谱的分子机制——光靶点，包括含有视网膜发色团的细菌视紫红质（ CBCRs）、带有四吡咯发色团的拟菌植物色素、带有对香豆酸发色团的光活性黄蛋白（ PYP）、带有黄素单核苷酸（ FMN）的光氧压力（ LOV）结构域、带有黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（ FAD）发色团的隐色剂和含有 FAD的蓝光感应域等进行了阐述。最后，针对现有细菌光谱检测技术的优缺点提出了细菌检测技术的优化策略，希望对细菌的光谱检测研究提供帮助。

Bacteria are one of the most common human pathogens, which not only seriously jeopardize human health and public health safety, but also bring about huge medical expenditures. Rapid and accurate bacterial detection is important for the treatment of bacterial infections. The spectral detection method can not only obtain the classification, content and functional status of bacteria promptly and in real time, but also has the advantages of simple operation and non-invasive, and has great potential in the field of bacterial detection. This paper describes the research and application of Raman spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, visible and near-infrared light spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy in bacterial detection, and the molecular mechanism of visible and near-infrared light spectroscopy, light targets, including bacterial retinal plasmids containing retinal chromophores, bacteriophytochromes with tetrapyrrole chromophores, photoactive proteins with p-coumarate chromophores, photo-oxidative stress structural domains with flavin-like mononucleotide chromophores, cryptochromes with flavin-adenine di-nucleotide chromophores. And blue-light sensing domains with flavin-adenine dinucleotides are described. Finally, optimization strategies for bacterial detection techniques are proposed with respect to the advantages and disadvantages of existing bacterial spectral detection techniques, hoping to provide help for the research of bacterial spectral detection.