光遗传学是一门涉及神经科学、光学、半导体光电子学及生物医学的交叉科学。把光作为一种遗传学的研究工具, 可为神经科学研究提供更高效、精准的神经调控手段, 也为临床精神疾病的研究和治疗提供了新的思路。集成式注入型生物光电极是一种集刺激神经元的光源与采集生物电信号的微电极于一体的多功能生物微探针, 在利用活体生物进行的光遗传学研究中有着重要的应用。文章回顾了光遗传学的历史, 对集成式注入型生物光电极器件的分类和发展进行了分析, 详细比较了不同类型光电极器件在结构和性能上的差异, 从电学特性、噪声信号、生物兼容性及可靠性等方面进行评价。最后, 对光电极器件的未来发展进行了初步的探讨。

Optogenetics is an interdisciplinary subject consisting of neuroscience, optics, semiconductor optoelectronics and biomedical science. Light can be used as a tool applied in genetics to provide more efficient and accurate regulation and new ideas for clinical treatments on psychiatric illnesses. The integrated implanted biological optrode is a multi-functional microprobe which integrates light stimulation and feedback signal recording, and it has important applications in optogenetic researches on living mammals. The paper first reviews the history of optogenetics. Then the development and classification of optrodes are analyzed in detail. The structure and performance of different optrodes are further compared and evaluated, such as electrical performance, noise signal, biocompatibility and reliability. Finally, the improvement and future trends of optrodes are discussed.