临床医学和生物材料的蓬勃发展, 促进了多种疾病的诊断成像、有效治疗和精准诊疗。材料与医学交叉学科(简称“材料医学”)的发展旨在克服传统临床医学面临的主要障碍和挑战, 如系统性毒性、生物利用度差、靶向部位特异性低、诊断/治疗效果不理想等。本文系统地阐述了近年来各种医学材料在疾病诊断、治疗和诊疗方面的应用进展, 特别是纳米医学材料的研究进展。首先, 重点讨论癌症治疗领域的生物医学成像(如光学成像、磁共振成像、超声成像、计算机断层成像等)和治疗策略(如光热治疗、动力学治疗、免疫治疗、协同治疗等)。此外, 我们还重点介绍了医学材料对骨组织工程、呼吸系统、中枢神经系统等疾病的诊断和治疗的最新进展, 并重点阐述了用于生物传感和抗微生物等其他代表性生物医学领域的医学材料。最后, 我们讨论了这些独特的医学材料在实际临床转化和应用中所面临的挑战和未来的机遇, 以促进其早日实现临床转化, 推动医学进步和造福患者。

The robust development of clinical medicine and biomaterials boosts diagnostic imaging, effective treatment, and precise theranostics in various diseases. The emerging interdiscipline of materials and medicine, termed as materdicine, aims to surmount the critical obstacles and challenges faced by traditional medicine, such as systemic toxicity, poor bioavailability, inferior site-targeting specificity, and unsatisfied diagnostic/therapeutic efficacy. Herein, the state-of-the-art advances regarding the applications of diverse medmaterials for disease diagnosis, therapy, and theranostics are systematically summarized in this review, especially focusing on the nanoscale medmaterials. We firstly emphasize and discuss biomedical imaging (e.g., optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, computed tomography imaging) and therapeutic strategies (e.g., photothermal therapy, dynamic therapy, immunotherapy, synergistic therapy) in the field of cancer treatment. Furthermore, we highlight the important progress of medmaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of other kinds of diseases including orthopedic diseases, respiratory system, and brain diseases. Especially, the elaborated medmaterials for other representative biomedical applications, such as biosensing and antibacteria, are illustrated in detail. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future opportunities for the practical application of these unique medmaterials in materdicine for accelerating their early realization of clinical translations, promoting the progresses of clinical medicine and benefiting the patients.