在高速飞行器、航空发动机、核反应堆等**安全和国民经济的重要领域，需要实现1800 ℃以上的高温原位测量。常规石英光纤传感器受限于材料特性，无法在1000 ℃以上高温环境中长期稳定使用。单晶蓝宝石光纤具有极高的熔点（2053 ℃）和较低的传输损耗，是一种良好的高温传感材料。在单晶蓝宝石光纤内部刻写布拉格光栅，可以研制出蓝宝石光纤光栅传感器，具有耐温性能好、测量精度高、便于多点测量等优点，是当前最具发展前景的新型高温传感器件。首先介绍了蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器的工作原理和理论模型，接着介绍了利用飞秒激光制备蓝宝石光纤光栅的三种主流技术，包括相位掩模板扫描法、双光束干涉法、直写法，并从制备效率、光谱质量等方面比较了三种技术的优劣，指出飞秒激光直写法是制备蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器的最佳手段；然后介绍了蓝宝石光纤光栅的光谱优化方法，包括如何减小光栅光谱带宽和如何降低光谱噪声；进一步介绍了蓝宝石光纤光栅的高温传感特性、封装工艺及高温温度、应变传感应用；最后展望了蓝宝石光纤光栅传感器的未来发展趋势。蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器的快速发展和大规模推广应用，必将有助于解决当前我国航空航天、核电等领域重大装备结构健康监测的卡脖子难题。

In-situ measurement of ultra-high temperature above 1800 ℃ is critical in many key fields of national defense security and national economy, such as hypersonic vehicles, aero engines, and nuclear reactors. Conventional silica-based fiber sensors can not withstand a high temperature of 1000 ℃, which is limited by the material characteristics of silica. A single-crystal sapphire fiber is a promising candidate for high temperature sensing owing to its ultra-high melting temperature of ~2053 ℃ and low transmission loss. Sapphire fiber Bragg grating (SFBG) sensors, which have the advantages of outstanding temperature resistance, high measurement accuracy, and capability for multi-point measurement, are the most promising high temperature sensors and can be obtained by inscribing the grating in the single-crystal sapphire fiber. In this paper, we present the working principles and theoretical model of high temperature SFBG sensors. Then, three mainstream fabrication technologies, including femtosecond laser phase mask technology, femtosecond laser Talbot interferometry, and femtosecond laser direct writing technology, are introduced. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed in preparation efficiency and spectral properties. It is concluded that the femtosecond laser direct writing technology is the best method for fabricating high temperature SFBG sensors. Moreover, the optimization methods of the reflection spectrum of SFBGs are summarized, including how to reduce 3 dB bandwidth and spectral noise. The temperature sensing characteristics, packaging process, and high temperature and strain sensing applications of SFBGs are further introduced. Finally, the future development trend of SFBG sensors is discussed. The rapid development and large-scale application of high temperature SFBG sensors will be helpful to solve the problem of containment in structural health monitoring of major equipment in aviation, nuclear power, and other fields.