超构表面赋能光学微操控技术(特邀)封面文章特邀综述
Optical micromanipulation utilizes optical force to dynamically control particles, which has the characteristics of non-contact and can be operated in a vacuum environment. Since the invention of optical tweezers in the 1980s, the field has experienced rapid development and has given rise to many emerging research directions, such as holographic optical tweezers, near-field evanescent wave optical tweezers, fiber optic tweezers, optoelectronic tweezers, and photo-induced temperature field optical tweezers, providing rich and powerful tools for fields such as biology, chemistry, nanoscience, and quantum technology. These methods can not only capture, separate, and transport small objects but also allow more precise manipulation, such as the rotation of small objects. However, traditional manipulation methods rely on tightly focused local light, greatly limiting the action range of optical force. In addition, in order to generate a structured light field, larger optical components such as spatial light modulators are usually required, making it difficult to miniaturize and integrate the optical manipulation system.
In recent years, metasurfaces have emerged as integrated devices composed of subwavelength nanoantennas, promising new opportunities for optical micromanipulation. This ultra-thin artificial microstructure device can flexiblely control multiple degrees of freedom such as amplitude, phase, and polarization of light, by specially designing the geometric shape, size, and material of its own micro/nanostructure. Compared with traditional optical components such as liquid crystal spatial light modulators, gratings, and lenses, metasurfaces exhibit higher operating bandwidth, structural compactness, and integration. With the merits of miniaturization, integration, and excellent performance in light tailoring, optical metasurfaces have been extensively incorporated into the realm of optical micromanipulation. Especially, owing to their peculiar photomechanical properties, the metasurfaces hold the ability to be actuated by light fields, paving the way to the next generation of light-driven artificial micro-robots. The fast development of this subject indicates that the time is now ripe to overview recent progress in this cross-field.
We summarized principles of optical micromanipulation and metasurfaces (Fig. 1) and overviewed meta-manipulation devices, including metasurface-based optical tweezers (Fig. 2), tractor beams (Fig. 5), multifunctional micro-manipulation systems (Fig. 3), and metamachines (Figs. 7 and 8). Furthermore, we provided a detailed discussion of novel mechanical effects, such as topological light manipulation, which stems from the topological characteristics of nanostructures (Fig. 6).
We review the cutting-edge developments in the field of optical micromanipulation based on metasurfaces. The metasurface-based micromanipulation technology is expected to evolve toward higher temporal resolution, higher spatial accuracy, and lower manipulation power. To this end, more urgent requirements have been imposed on the underlying design scheme and experimental preparation standards of the metasurface. Although the introduction of metasurfaces has benefited micromanipulation systems and significantly reduced their sizes, there is still much room for further development and improvement in wide bands, multi-dimensional responses, and device thresholds.
In terms of micromanipulation systems, the subwavelength-scale structure of metasurfaces will continue to be a key focus of research. Especially in the field of topological light manipulation, it is expected to further expand its research scope, combining non-Abelitan, non-Hermitian, and nonlinear effects to discover new physical phenomena. In the fields of biology and chemistry, metasurface technology is expected to be flexibly applied on smaller scales, even achieving manipulation of single molecule-level objects. This technology is expected to be further applied to the fields such as battery quality inspection and targeted therapy, bringing changes to the basic research and practical applications of energy and life sciences. Specifically, in the development of ultrafast optics, metasurfaces are gradually exhibiting unique advantages. Nanoscale superlattice enables high-resolution spectral measurements, and the design of nonlinear superlattice surfaces can be used to enhance nonlinear effects or generate high-order harmonics, making high time resolution transient micromanipulation technology possible.
Overall, the technological evolution from traditional optical micromanipulation to meta-manipulation will continue to drive the vigorous development of nanophotonics. This technological paradigm not only meets the needs of various basic research but also arouses more innovative applications, opening up new prospects for branched sciences and technologies.
1 引言
光学微操控技术借助光力实现对微粒的动力学控制,具有非接触性并可在真空环境中操作等特点。自20世纪80年代Ashkin等[1]发明光镊以来,该领域经历了飞速的发展[2-5],并催生出了诸多新兴研究方向,如全息光镊[6-8]、近场倏逝波光镊[9-12]、光纤光镊[13-15]、光电镊[16-17]、光致温度场光镊[18-19]等,为生物学、化学、纳米科学和量子技术等领域提供了丰富的研究手段[20-26]。这些操控工具不仅可以实现对微小物体的捕获[27-29]、分离[30]和输运[31-34],而且可以进行更为精细的操控,如微小物体的旋转[35-40]。然而,传统的操控方法需依赖紧聚焦的局域光场操控物体,极大限制了光力的作用范围。此外,为了产生具有精细结构的光场,通常需使用空间光调制器等体积较大的光学元件,从而令微纳操控系统难以小型化和集成化。
近年来,由亚波长纳米天线构成的超构表面集成器件为光学微操控领域带来了新的机遇。这种超薄人工微结构器件通过对自身微纳结构的几何形状和材料进行特殊设计,能够实现对光的振幅、相位和偏振等多个自由度的灵活调控[41-46]。与传统的光学元件如液晶空间光调制器、光栅和透镜相比,超构表面展现出更大的工作带宽、结构紧凑性和集成度,已被广泛应用于入射光的异常反射和折射[47-48]、宽带高分辨率彩色成像[49-51]、矢量宽带全息显示[52-54]以及超紧凑量子光源[55-56]等先进光子技术。随着超构表面技术的不断发展,其在光学微操控方面的应用潜力也日益显现。超构表面不但拥有接近衍射极限的聚焦能力,而且其在超薄体积的基础上,拥有对光场多个维度的调控能力。这种片上集成器件极大缩小了微操控系统的体积,同时丰富了光场调控的自由度[57-62]。此外,对光场的优异调控性能也赋予了这类微结构独特的光子力学性质,使它们能在平面波激发下产生可控移动,为实现基于平面波的宽场操控技术开辟了途径。
本文旨在概述近年来超构表面光学微操控方面的研究进展,首先将介绍光力和光学超构表面的基本原理,然后详细阐述基于超构表面的微操控器件设计,包括超构表面光镊、多功能微操控系统等。此外,本文还将探讨基于拓扑光子学效应的微操控方案,以及超构表面在光驱动微纳机械系统中的创新应用。通过对这些研究内容的剖析,希望能更好地挖掘超构表面在微纳操控领域中的优势以及面临的挑战,并为其未来的发展和应用提供有益的参考。
2 光力的基本原理
这一节首先讨论光力的物理起源和计算方法。光和微粒相互作用会伴随光学动量的传递,导致施加光学力在粒子上,这个光学力可以通过考虑整个系统的动量守恒,并计算麦克斯韦应力张量在包围粒子的一个封闭表面上的积分来确定。对于时谐光场(单色波),研究者通常只对时间平均的光力感兴趣,在这种情况下,作用在粒子上的光力
式中:
式中,
式中:
除了线性动量,光场还可以携带角动量,在与微粒相互作用时,光学角动量会传递给粒子从而导致光学扭矩。光学角动量可以分为自旋角动量(SAM)和轨道角动量(OAM)[69-71]。光学SAM与光场的偏振态直接相关,左旋圆和右旋圆偏振光为SAM的两个本征态,每光子分别携带
式中,
3 超构表面的物理机制
上一节讨论了光与物质相互作用的力学机制,可以看出结构化的光场能够产生丰富的力学效应。因此,本节将介绍在微纳尺度下能够对光场实现精密调控的人工微结构器件——光学超构表面的基本工作机制,它不仅在功能上与空间光调制器、数字微镜器件等相位调制器件相媲美,也可进一步实现衍射极限级别的聚焦,具有像素级的分辨率。
3.1 共振相位
超构表面的物理机制来源于广义Snell定律,如
图 1. 各种类型超构表面的物理机制。(a)广义Snell折射和反射定律示意图[73];(b)基于共振相位的等离激元超构表面[48,73];(c)几何相位的产生原理及利用光栅和金属天线实现的几何相位超构表面[74-75];(d)基于传播相位的超构表面[76];(e)基于绕行相位的超构表面[77-79]
Fig. 1. Physical mechanisms of various types of metasurfaces. (a) Schematic of generalized Snell's law of refraction and reflection[73]; (b) plasmonic metasurface based on resonant phase[48,73]; (c) principle of generating geometric phase and implementation of geometric phase metasurfaces using gratings and metal antennas[74-75]; (d) metasurface based on propagation phase[76]; (e) metasurface based on detour phase[77-79]
式中:
3.2 几何相位
1956年,Pancharatnam在深入探讨电磁波偏振状态时,意识到在转换过程中会出现额外的相位。继而在1984年,Berry指出,量子系统的态在绝热近似下经历一个初态-末态-初态的演化时,会引入与一个与演化路径紧密关联的相位。在光场调控中,可以利用庞加莱球来描述光场偏振的演化过程,并从中揭示几何相位的物理本质[80-82]。如
实际上,研究者可以用琼斯矩阵来精确地描述超构表面的偏振状态:
式中:
将
对于圆偏振入射光,微结构的输入和输出电场之间满足以下关系:
式中,
3.3 传播相位
近年来,介质超构表面因其低损耗的材料特性及与传统电子制造工艺的兼容性而受到广大研究者的关注。相比之下,基于等离激元的超构表面在透射式器件中,由于严重的欧姆损耗而常常显示出较低的工作效率。常见的介质超构材料包括硅(Si)、氮化硅(Si₃N₄)和氮化镓(GaN)、二氧化钛(TiO2)。这种超构表面能够利用光在高纵横比的波导型天线中的传播,累积所需的相位,进而达到相位的调控,这种相位被称为传播相位或动力学相位,如
为了在超构表面上获得足够的相位延迟,需要相对较大的结构厚度。由于传统电子制造工艺中薄膜厚度保持不变,传播相位则依赖于每个位置改变微结构的等效折射率,这往往可以通过调整其几何参数来达到。此外,为了保证器件在零级处有最大的光利用率,需要调整结构尺寸小于波长。由于传播相位受纳米结构的形状影响较大,因此可以结合光学双折射原理,通过调整不同形状以实现对偏振态的操控,来实现偏振解耦的复用功能;抑或利用材料本身的属性,对不同波长下的相位延迟进行操控,从而实现对色散的调控。
3.4 绕行相位
最初,为了达到相位调制的效果,光栅设计中引入了绕行相位。而随着超构表面技术的发展,波前整形技术中再次探讨了绕行相位。如
式中:t1和t2表示两个纳米柱的透射率;
式中,
因此,可以通过微调每个单元内纳米柱的位置来精确控制绕行相位。基于此,Deng等[78]通过构造金属结构的双元胞超构表面中不同的位移及取向,构造绕行相位从而调控一级衍射的偏振态和相位,实现了矢量全息。随后Bao等[77,79]利用绕行相位调制又分别实现了多偏振通道的振幅相位同时调制的全息显示、矢量光产生等功能。
随着对超构表面功能的需求持续增加,一系列的相位机制如拓扑相位[83-84]、传播和几何相位结合的复合相位[85-87]及非局域调控机制[88-92]接连被提出,这无疑为超构光子学领域注入了新的活力。目前,超构表面正向实际应用领域稳步发展,其中器件的调控维度、效率和稳定性成为了未来发展的核心指向。特别地,效率往往与微结构的尺寸参数及其对应工作波段的材料选择息息相关,而调控维度和器件的稳定性则更多地取决于其背后的物理机制。
4 超构表面光操控器件
由于超构表面的小型化、平面化、多功能和集成化的优点以及灵活调控相位的强大能力,这种新型微纳器件逐渐被用于非接触式光学微操控系统中。本节将对超构表面光镊的相关工作以及应用的最新进展进行讨论。
4.1 超构表面光镊
光镊依赖于高度聚焦的激光光束,利用其焦点来实现微小物体的捕获和操纵。当目标粒子被定位于光束的焦点附近,其受到的散射力与光强梯度力达到平衡状态,粒子被稳定地“捕获”或“固定”于该焦点位置。通过超构表面调制生成高强度聚焦的光场,可以在极大缩小体积的情况下也提供光镊的基本功能[93-100]。2020年,Chantakit等[101]设计并实验验证了一款基于非晶硅的几何相位超构透镜,用于在近红外波段进行二维光学捕获操作。这种超构透镜由于其体积紧凑的特点,为光阱的微调和对齐提供了显著的灵活性。利用这一透镜,该研究团队采用
图 2. 几种超构表面光镊。(a)基于几何相位的超构表面光镊[101];(b)基于几何相位的光学传送带[102];(c)超构表面辅助下的光纤光镊[103];(d)基于GaN传播相位的Airy结构光镊[104];(e)基于几何相位的反射型全息光镊[105]
Fig. 2. A few types of metasurface-based optical tweezers. (a) Geometric phase-based metasurface optical tweezers[101]; (b) geometric phase-based optical conveyor belt[102]; (c) optical fiber tweezers with metasurface assistance[103]; (d) GaN propagation phase-based Airy structured optical tweezers[104]; (e) geometric phase-based reflective holographic optical tweezers[105]
4.2 多功能超构微操控器件
超构表面光镊由于具有体积小、精度高的优势,在紧凑光学平台的优势显而易见,然而在多维度光场调控中,与空间光调制器等可调谐器件相比,微加工制备过程中一旦完成,整个样品所加载的相位即已固定,无法进行功能上的切换,这严重限制了超构表面光镊的多功能性发展。因此,开发并应用基于超构表面的多维度光场调控技术显得尤为重要。2018年,Markovich等[106]利用包含重叠的纵向、横向和交叉的金属纳米天线,实现了对正交线偏振光的双焦点透镜。如
图 3. 多功能超构表面微操控器件。(a)基于双焦点的超构表面光镊[106];(b)基于复合相位的多维度集成光镊-光扳手[107];(c)多功能超构表面微操控器件[108]
Fig. 3. Metasurfaces-based multifunctional micro-manipulation devices. (a) Metasurface optical tweezers based on bifocal points[106]; (b) multidimensional integrated optical tweezers-optical spanners based on composite phase[107]; (c) multifunctional metasurface micro-manipulator device[108]
4.3 超构表面真空光镊
传统光镊系统的工作环境在液体条件下,适用于操纵较大的生物样本,如细胞和蛋白质,其操纵过程可能受到溶液环境的阻力和样品生物活性的影响。真空光镊则主要操纵原子、分子和纳米颗粒,常用于悬浮光力学、量子物理和原子间相互作用的精确测量[109-112]。其在真空环境下可以实现更高的操作精度并抑制背景气体导致的布朗运动[21,113-118]。为了精确操控原子的行为,使原子冷却,通常使用磁光阱(MOT)技术来捕获和囚禁原子簇[119]。基本原理为:激光束在径向上的旋向性与轴向上的旋向性相反。进入激光束交叉区域的原子被减慢,位置相关的力将冷原子推向陷阱中心。然而,产生预想圆偏振激光以及控制激光传播方向等需要占用很大的空间。为了实现集成的冷原子制备装置,单束激光的MOT设计得到了高度关注。尽管此前的单光束MOT系统已有很多进步,但仍存在捕获原子区域不对称、光能利用率低等问题,从而限制了其在量子存储和传感领域的应用,此外,冷原子制备装置的小型化、集成性和可扩展性一直被传统光学系统中的大量光学元件(如分束器、透镜、反射镜等)所阻碍,而对光在亚波长尺度有精确调控的超构表面芯片有望解决这一问题。2020年,Zhu等[120]提出了利用超构表面冷却和囚禁冷原子的芯片方案。此项工作的超构表面设计是基于纯几何相位的设计方案,由非晶硅天线阵列组成的599.4 μm×599.4 μm的超构表面在法向入射下,圆偏振光可以分成具有相同强度的5束交叉圆偏振光束。其中一个沿入射方向传播,而其他4个光束分别向
图 4. 几种超构表面真空光镊。(a)几何相位超构MOT[120];(b)、(c)超构全息光镊捕获单原子阵列[122-123];(d)真空超构表面光镊捕获纳米颗粒[124]
Fig. 4. A few types of metasurface-based vacuum optical tweezers. (a) Geometric phase metasurface magneto-optical trap (MOT)[120]; (b), (c) metasurface holographic optical tweezers trapping single atom array[122-123]; (d) vacuum metasurface optical tweezers trapping nanoparticles[124]
针对捕获多原子势阱的需求,2023年,Huang等[123]受传统全息光镊的启发,设计和制作了基于二氧化钛超构表面,适用于制备钙87原子阵列,如
针对悬浮光力学与超构表面的交叉领域,Shen等[124]报道了使用超构表面在真空中实现片上光学悬浮的首次实验,如
4.4 超构表面光学牵引力
物体在入射光的作用下,通常会被向前推进,然而十多年前,Chen等[125]的研究发现,在特殊光场的作用下,物体会被光拉向它的来源方向。这被称为光学拉力或者光学牵引力,由此衍生而来的一些出乎意料的光力学行为,例如负转矩和侧向力,为操纵技术增加了新的维度,并促进了该领域的新突破[126-128]。然而光学牵引力由于其极为苛刻的条件而难以实现。基于此,超构表面强大的调控能力为实现光学牵引力创造了条件。2015年,Pfeiffer等[129]设计了同心环的硅基超构表面,平面波入射后超构表面会生成两束分别为
图 5. 超构表面实现光学牵引力。(a)同心环超构表面实现拖拽颗粒[129];(b)、(c)、(d)双曲超构材料辅助实现光学牵引力[130];(e)衍射光栅上的光学牵引力[131];(f)几何相位超构表面实现牵引力和推进力的切换[132]
Fig. 5. Optical pulling force achieved by metasurfaces. (a) Particle dragging achieved by concentric ring metasurface[129]; (b), (c), (d) optical pulling force facilitated by hyperbolic metamaterials[130]; (e) optical pulling force on diffraction grating[131]; (f) Switch between pulling and propulsion forces achieved by geometric phase metasurface[132]
由于光学牵引微粒需要通过施加的外部光场控制物质的散射方向,因此之前介绍的工作都需要对光场进行整形。然而,通过定制操纵物体的结构也能实现对物体的牵引。研究者们探究了衍射光栅的辐射压力,验证了衍射光栅动量与机械动量之间的对应关系。如
5 基于拓扑物理的光力效应
拓扑光子学是近年来迅速崛起的一个研究领域,它继承于凝聚态中的拓扑物理,主要研究光在人工微结构中的传播特性,特别是在存在拓扑缺陷或边界的系统中[135-138]。与前文提及的超构表面光场调控不同的是,拓扑光子学的焦点在于整体的系统特性和拓扑性质,如鲁棒性和无损失的边界传输。这使得在微结构上存在其他微粒、杂质或结构缺陷的情况下,光仍然可以定向、无损失、无反射地沿着界面或边缘传播。因此,拓扑光子学为设计和实现更为复杂的光学微操控行为提供了全新的环境和方法。
5.1 基于光学拓扑绝缘体的微操控
早在2015年,Wang等[139]首次提出了一个基于单向拓扑边缘态的光学牵引力的概念。如
图 6. 基于拓扑光学的光学微操纵。(a)基于四方晶格的拓扑光子晶体波导实现光学牵引力[139];(b)动量拓扑实现光学牵引力[140];(c)拓扑超构材料实现光学牵引力[141];(d)基于六方晶格的光子晶体波导实现光学牵引力[142];(e)双层光子晶体诱导的拓扑BIC光力[146];(f)光力实现斯格明子拓扑态探测[147]
Fig. 6. Optical micro-manipulation based on topological photonics. (a) Optical pulling realized with topological photonic crystal waveguide based on square lattice[139]; (b) optical pulling achieved through momentum topology[140]; (c) optical pulling achieved with topological metamaterials[141]; (d) optical pulling realized with photonic crystal waveguide based on hexagonal lattice[142]; (e) topological BIC optical force induced by bilayer photonic crystal[146]; (f) optical force enabled detection of Skyrmion topological state[147]
5.2 基于连续域中拓扑束缚态的微操控
除了类比于凝聚态系统中的拓扑绝缘体,连续域中的束缚态(BIC)同样代表了一种具有拓扑性质的电磁本征态[143-144]。区别于传统的局部化模式,BIC在频率-波矢图上奇特地位于辐射连续域,也即光锥范围内。尽管其频率明确地落在这一连续域中,BIC却显示出完全的局部化特性,其中的电磁波能量被完全束缚并局限在介质或结构中,不会向外部辐射。这一非辐射特性赋予了BIC非常高的品质因子Q。为了研究其拓扑特性,可以将能量写为布洛赫波的形式,对于位于光线以上的共振态(泄漏模态),在衍射限以下,唯一非零的传播波振幅是
5.3 光学微操控用于拓扑物态探测
光学斯格明子代表了电磁场中的一种稳定的拓扑准粒子态,其特征在于其向量场展现为三维纺锤状结构。这种结构,由于其与磁性材料中的斯格明子相似性,使得它的拓扑属性可以用斯格明子数来描述。基于电磁场的各种性质,可以将光学斯格明子分为不同类别,例如Neel型斯格明子、布洛赫斯格明子以及斯托克斯斯格明子,它们各自对应着不同的电磁场向量模式。尽管这些复杂的向量场在实验探测上具有挑战性,但可以间接地通过研究光场与纳米颗粒之间的互动来感知其拓扑状态。如
6 光驱动的人工微纳机械
以上几节内容讨论了通过超构表面调制的光场与微观物体之间的相互作用所带来的效果。尽管与传统的光学微操控系统相比,它在紧凑性和操控精度上都有所进步,但其物理现象和运动行为仍然受限于传统理论的框架。本节,将进一步阐述当光照射到超构表面时产生的辐射压会对超构表面产生反作用力。通过巧妙地设计散射场,可以对这种反作用力进行控制,从而创造出与微纳米球或微纳米棒完全不同的微操纵效果,且不受制于入射光场的特性。这进一步打开了光学超控的新篇章。
6.1 光驱动的金属表面等离激元微结构
金属超构材料的工作原理主要基于表面等离子体极化激元,通常简称为表面等离激元(SP)。这些等离激元是金属纳米结构受光照射时与导电电子相互作用产生的表面电荷振荡现象。当金属纳米结构(例如由金或银构成)受到光照射时,其中的自由电子会被激发,形成振荡。在特定的频率下,这些电子的振荡与入射光的电磁波达到共振,引发强烈的电子云振荡,这种特定现象被称作“表面等离子共振(SPR)”。得益于这些等离激元,当光照射到金属纳米结构时,它会在结构表面形成高度集中的局部电场,从而产生的光强极大地超过入射光。通过精心设计金属结构的形态,研究者可以操纵光的散射方向。作为例证,光学马达是基于光驱动的等离激元结构中的一个简单实例。2010年,Liu等[148]使用等臂“四叶草”形的等离激元纳米结构作为马达,在线偏振光的作用下,实现了其旋转运动,如
图 7. 光驱动的金属表面等离激元微结构。(a)表面等离激元光马达[148];(b)表面等离激元光马达诱导光学横向力[149];(c)光学微型无人机[150]
Fig. 7. Light-driven metallic surface plasmonic microstructures. (a) Surface plasmonic optical motor[148]; (b) optical transverse force induced by surface plasmonic optical motor[149]; (c) optical micro-drone[150]
6.2 光驱动的介质超构机械
与金属表面等离激元效应诱导的光力学并行的是基于介质材料的超构机械的兴起。如
图 8. 光驱动的介质超构机械。(a)SiO2基的几何相位超构表面诱导光学自旋相关横向力和负力矩[151];(b)基于OGM的超构跑车及其实验结果[152];(c)基于OGM的BIC超构跑车[153];(d)全功能的介质超构跑车及其理论结果[154];(e)真空中超构表面的光悬浮[155]
Fig. 8. Light-driven dielectric metamechanics. (a) SiO2-based geometric phase metasurface induces optical spin-related transverse force and negative torque[151]; (b) metavehicle based on OGM and its experimental results[152]; (c) BIC metavehicle based on OGM[153]; (d) fully functional dielectric metavehicle and its theoretical results[154]; (e) photonic levitation of metasurfaces in vacuum[155]
超构机械的应用远不止于此。它不仅能在液体环境中工作,在真空环境下也同样有着令人瞩目的表现。Ilic等[155]在研究微结构在真空中的浮力动力学时,开发了一种被称为“被动自稳定超构表面(MEPS)”的设计,如
7 结论
本文综述了基于超构表面的光学微操控领域的前沿进展。从电磁机制的基本原理出发,讨论了在计算光学力和光学扭矩时所遵循的基本原则。探讨了超构表面的核心物理机制,详细解析了共振相位、几何相位、传播相位及绕行相位的物理机制。概述了一系列基于超构表面的微操控器件,如超构表面光镊、多功能超构微操控器件、超构真空光镊等。此外,对拓扑光子学效应如何被用于微操控策略进行了探讨,包括基于光学拓扑绝缘体和基于连续域中拓扑束缚态的微操控,以及如何运用微操控技术探测新奇拓扑现象。由于超构表面的尺寸处于微米级别,其本身也具有被光场驱动以产生机械运动的能力,由此衍生出一系列人工微型机器,包括光驱动的金属表面等离激元微结构和介质超构机械两大类,这为构建全新一代的光驱动微机器人提供了可能,也是今后这个领域发展的热点方向。
展望未来,超构表面微操纵技术有望朝着更高的时间分辨率、更高的空间精度、更低的操控功率方向迈进。为此,对超构表面的底层设计方案和实验制备标准提出了更为迫切的要求。尽管超构表面的引入在微操控系统方面取得了一定的进展,显著缩小了体积,但在宽波段、多光学维度的响应以及器件阈值上仍存在着进一步开发和提升的空间。在微操控系统方面,超构表面的亚波长尺度结构将继续成为研究的关键焦点。尤其是在拓扑光操控领域,有望进一步扩展其研究范围,将非阿贝尔、非厄米[156]和非线性效应[29,157]与之结合,发现全新的物理现象。在生物和化学领域,超构光操控技术有望在更小的尺度上灵活运用,甚至达到对单分子水平的物体进行操控[158-159]。这一技术还有望进一步应用在电池质检和靶向治疗等领域,为能源和生命科学的基础研究和实际应用带来变革。特别地,在发展超快光学领域方面[160-162],超构表面正逐步展现出独特的优势。纳米尺度的超构光栅可以实现非常高分辨率的光谱测量,而非线性超构表面的设计可用于增强非线性效应或生成高次谐波,为实现高时间分辨的瞬态微操控技术提供了可能。总体而言,从传统光学微操控到超构操控的技术演变将继续推动微纳光学领域的蓬勃发展。这类技术范式不仅有助于满足各个基础研究领域的需求,而且将引领更多颠覆性的创新应用,为科学技术的发展开辟新的途径。
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Article Outline
徐孝浩, 高文禹, 李添悦, 邵天骅, 李星仪, 周源, 高歌泽, 王国玺, 严绍辉, 王漱明, 姚保利. 超构表面赋能光学微操控技术(特邀)[J]. 光学学报, 2024, 44(5): 0500001. Xiaohao Xu, Wenyu Gao, Tianyue Li, Tianhua Shao, Xingyi Li, Yuan Zhou, Geze Gao, Guoxi Wang, Shaohui Yan, Shuming Wang, Baoli Yao. Metasurfaces-Empowered Optical Micromanipulation (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(5): 0500001.