激光参数对非理想真空激光光强极限的影响
高峰值功率超短激光被广泛运用于物理学前沿,如激光驱动加速器[1-10]、激光驱动新型辐射源[11-17]、惯性约束核聚变和相关等离子体诊断技术[18-22]、实验室天体物理[23-25]、以及探索强场相关的量子电动力学(QED)效应(如辐射反作用力、高能γ光子、正负电子对的产生)[26-31]。随着超强超短激光技术的快速发展,尤其是在啁啾脉冲放大技术(CPA)提出后(2018年诺贝尔物理学奖)[32],激光在聚焦后其峰值强度已经可以达到1022~1023 W/cm2[33-36]。当下,随着全球各国10PW-100PW激光器的陆续建成[37](如中国的羲和激光[38-39]和SEL[40-41],欧洲ELI项目的ELI-NP[42]和ELI-BL[43]两条束线,法国的Apollo[44],英国的Vulcan[45]),有望将激光峰值强度再提高1个数量级以上。
人类在实验室可实现的最强激光峰值强度一直是强场物理研究的重要课题,2005年Science将该问题列为125个重要科学问题之一[46]。当激光强度超过1025 W/cm2并且传播路径存在轻子(如电子)时,会激发QED级联效应[47-48],此时γ光子和正负电子对的产生数目将指数增加,从而使得激光在达到聚焦强度前快速耗散,形成了对其强度上限的约束。具体来说,当聚焦位置处存在一个电子时,Fetodov等人基于单粒子模拟发现激光峰值功率达到5×1026 W/cm2时由级联效应产生的正负电子对能量将与激光能量相当[49]。在完全理想的QED真空情形下,激光的极限场强则一般认为与施温格(Schwinger)场
事实上,超强激光驱动的QED级联过程与激光参数(偏振、焦斑大小、脉宽等)和电子种子源(密度,位置)密切相关[54-62],因而对于特定真空度下实现的激光强度极限也会随之变化。基于此,本文将激光的偏振、焦斑以及脉宽糅合进激光演化自洽方程,进而分析其对激光强度极限的影响,并与PIC仿真模拟的结果进行对比。该研究对后续极端强场产生和探索QED效应有借鉴意义。
1 研究方法
1.1 理论模型
极端强场与等离子体相互作用激发到QED级联过程实际上是非线性逆康普顿(Compton)散射过程[63]和非线性布莱特-惠勒(Breit–Wheeler)过程[64-65]两个通道的链式正反馈雪崩放大过程。具体来说,当强激光场与电子相互作用使得电子运动状态发生变化时,电子有一定概率辐射出γ光子,即
式中:
事实上,上述方程主要用来衡量QED级联的粒子产生过程,在上述的两个反应通道中,电子首先将能量部分传递给γ光子,随后γ光子的能量再完全传递给正负电子对,并不会涉及到激光场能量的吸收。激光场的能量实际上是通过对电子的加速从而被耗散的,而该过程需要使用麦克斯韦进行求解来描述。
1.2 PIC模拟参数
为了动态研究极端强场在聚焦过程中由于QED级联效应导致的耗散,本文使用带有蒙特卡罗QED模块的二维PIC模拟程序VLPL(Virtual Laser Plasma Lab)[69-70] 进行模拟分析。在模拟中,激光从左侧穿入大小
式中:
为了研究激光参数在不同真空度情形下对激光强度极限的影响,本文进行了系统的参数扫描,其中激光的强度归一化参数从1500扫描到20000,背景的等离子体密度
1.3 QED级联演化方程
为了更好地衡量不同参数的效应,本文参照相关定标率和演化方程,推广了一套可以自洽的描述不同激光参数和真空度情形下的激光峰值功率演化方程。对于正负电子总数
式中:
其中,
2 结果与讨论
2.1 PIC模拟结果
图1给出了超强激光与真空残留电子相互作用产生QED级联效应和能量耗散的示意图,其中右边的典型示意数据结果来自于线偏振激光a=8000, τ0=5λ/c, ω0=3λ与电子密度ne=1011 cm−3 (常温H2O分子情况下3.7×10−5 Pa)在t=tf的沿着y=0轴上的PIC模拟结果。蓝色和橘红色的线分别代表理论设计和实际的激光场强,由左边刻度轴定标;青色和粉色的线代表γ光密度和正负电子对密度,由右边刻度定标。激光场强由mωc/e归一,而密度由激光波长对应的临界密度nc归一。如图所示,高功率激光通过抛物面镜聚集后,与残留在真空靶室里的电子相互作用,激发QED级联效应产生大量的γ光子和正负电子对,其密度可以达到数10倍临界密度。进而激光场能量被新产生的粒子吸收而快速耗散,设计激光场峰值在a=8000,在达到聚焦位置处的时候近乎衰减了一半。
图 1. 超强激光驱动的QED级联效应和场能量耗散示意图
Fig. 1. Sketch of QED cascade triggered by ultra-intense laser and the depletion of the field
为了更好地呈现激光场和产生的粒子的分布情况并对比不同参数下QED级联效应和激光强度的差异,图2展示了不同参数情况下的场强分布粒子密度,其中除了图2(b)的场强由mωc/
图 2. 不同参数下电场y 分量、γ光子和正负电子对密度分布
Fig. 2. Distributions of y component of electric field, and density of γ photons and electron positron pairs
2.2 结果分析
图3给出了基于式(8)的理论分析结果和PIC模拟结果,其中误差棒的上下须代表10组PIC模拟结果的最大值和最小值,中间符号代表平均值。从结果中可以看出,在部分情形下激光能量在达到聚焦位置前就会显著下降,并且二者结果吻合较好。其主要在于QED级联效应可能在激光达到聚焦位置前就开始,产生的正负电子对会被背景激光场加速,从而快速耗散激光能量,从而使得整个过程中激光强度极限出现的位置会早于聚焦位置。此外,从图2可以看出,激光能量的耗散并不均匀,因而激光的横向分布不再严格满足高斯分布,此时激光的传播也受到一定程度的影响。
图 3.
Fig. 3. Normalized peak intensity evolution from analytical calculation based on Eq. (8) and PIC simulations, where the cases 1~4 represent the parameters of Fig.2(a)~Fig. 2(d), respectively 基于式(8)和PIC模拟得到的归一化强度 在不同情形下的演化结果,其中情形1~4分别对应于图2(a)~图2(d)的四种情况
本文对固定输入参数下不同输入激光强度的PIC模拟和基于自洽方程数值求解的激光场强演化中峰值进行记录,并求解出其极大值,进而准确评估激光的强度极限。不同激光参数和真空度的激光极限强度I1测量结果如图4所示,可以看出在参数扫描空间范围内,无论是PIC模拟的结果还是自洽方程的数值结果,激光的极限强度始终低于1027 W/cm2,在部分参数区间可获得的激光强度极限在1026 W/cm2,与前人的研究较为一致[49, 53]。图4(a)给出了在τ0=5λ/c, ω0=3λ的线偏振(红实线和红色五角星)和圆偏振(蓝虚线和蓝色正方形)情形下真空残余密度与激光可实现峰值强度的关系。从结果中可以看出在相同的真空度的情形下,圆偏振的激光能量耗散情况会更显著,即圆偏振的激光强度极限会更低,并且自洽方程的理论分析结果与PIC模拟吻合较好。事实上,同等激光能量下,圆偏振激光的峰值功率是线偏振的
图 4. 激光极限强度与不同偏振下真空残余电子密度、τ 0=5λ /c 的线偏情况下焦斑大小以及在ω 0=3λ 的线偏情形下激光脉宽的关系
Fig. 4. Attainable peak intensity I 1 as a function of vacuum electron residual density for linearly and circularly polarized pulse with τ 0=5λ /c , ω 0=3λ , waist of laser for linearly polarized pulse with τ 0=5λ /c and duration of the laser for linearly polarized pulse with ω 0=3λ
事实上,从自洽方程式(8)不难看出,激光偏振参数
图 5. 线偏振和圆偏振在τ 0=5λ /c , ω 0=3λ 情形下实际可实现峰值强度I 1与设计强度I 0比值与背景真空残留电子密度和设计可实现强度I 0关系
Fig. 5. Ratio between real attainable peak intensity I 1 and design peak intensity I 0 as a function of vacuum electron residual density for (a) linearly and (b) circularly polarized case with τ 0=5λ /c , ω 0=3λ
对于焦斑而言,其主要影响的是激光的传播的瑞利长度,进而影响QED级联的持续时间
图 6. 不同真空度下的激光强度极限与激光焦斑大小和脉宽的关系
Fig. 6. Attainable peak intensity for different vacuum electron residual density as a function of beam waist and beam duration
对于脉宽强度而言,依据式(8)的自洽方程,其影响主要体现在对耗散体积
值得注意的是,本文探讨的非理想真空下的QED级联效应严重依赖于初始电子种子源[53]。当电子种子源完全处在激光聚焦路径之外时,超强激光的传播将不会激发起相应的QED级联效应,从而可以使得激光的峰值功率大幅度提高。未来可以通过增加真空度和利用特殊的光学设计的方法清楚激光传播通道的电子,进而提高极端强场的上限阈值。此外,激光脉冲形态[55-56]和饱和效应[57]也会影响QED级联的效应,后续研究可以进一步推广考虑上述效应的自洽方程,并对辐射反作用力捕获进行评估从而对极短脉宽的情形进行修正。另外值得说明的是,由于预脉冲的存在,靶室残余分子可能在主脉冲到达前被电离为等离子体。因而当主脉冲强度聚焦在相对论强度之上时,就有可能对被电离电子进行捕获并加速。因而当主脉冲达到QED级联强度阈值时,与激光相互作用的电子数目可能会高于本研究的估计。受限于PIC模拟的计算能力,该时空间尺度的模拟较难直接衡量,因而该效应的具体影响还有待进行一步讨论分析。
3 结 论
综上所述,本文基于内嵌QED蒙特卡洛的PIC模拟和数值求解自洽方程方法分析评估了激光参数对非理想真空环境下激光极限强度的影响。通过分析发现,当超强激光与非理想真空的残余电子相互作用后,会激发QED级联效应从而对激光能量进行快速的吸收,进而使得可以实现的激光强度极限低于设计预期。结合PIC模拟分析结果,在扫描参数的区间,激光的强度极限在1026~1027 W/cm2,并且明显受到激光的偏振、焦斑以及脉宽的影响。为了更好分析评估参数的影响,我们构建了考虑上述参数的自洽方程,并整体上与PIC模拟结果保持一致。具体来说,偏振状态主要对QED级联过程中新粒子的产生速率和激光吸收区域产生影响。同等真空度和激光参数下,圆偏振激光通过QED级联产生的γ光子和正负电子对的数目和总能量更高,其对激光的耗散更显著从而使得圆偏振的极限强度低于线偏振。此外,激光聚焦越紧凑时,QED级联的时间尺度会降低、激光包络会变得更紧凑,最终会导致小焦斑的情形可以获得更高的极限强度。对于激光脉宽而言,当脉宽长度增加时,由于激光的耗散区域增大,激光被吸收的总能量会进一步分散,从而可以实现更高的极限强度。但值得注意的是,在极短脉宽的情形下(单周期时)由于产生的正负电子不能较为有限的捕获在激光区域内,自洽方程会显著高估QED级联产生的粒子数目,从而评估的峰值激光强度会远低于PIC模拟的结果。未来的研究中可以考虑激光脉冲和饱和效应的影响,并对自洽方程进行推广修正。本文分析对后续极端强场产生方案和强场QED实验设想提供参考建议。
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