山东聊城山陕会馆始建于乾隆八年, 历经多次扩建与重修, 布局紧凑, 装饰华美, 是我国古代会馆里保存较好的精品。 会馆兼具神庙与商业会馆功能, 是古运河商业繁荣的见证, 具有较高的艺术和文化价值。 目前对于聊城山陕会馆的科学研究聚焦于其建筑形制、 装饰艺术美学等, 尚未开展对其建筑彩画的制作工艺及材料的科学分析。 本研究利用显微观察、 扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析、 激光拉曼光谱分析和红外光谱分析, 对取自聊城山陕会馆的27个建筑彩画的红色颜料进行分析鉴定。 结果表明, 使用的彩画红色颜料有铁红、 朱砂、 铅丹和茜草染料。 制作工艺方面, 发现普遍性的重层彩画, 既有重做地仗以后涂刷新颜料的技法, 也有“章丹打底朱砂盖面”这种直接绘制两层颜料的古代建筑彩画中的常用工艺, 这与聊城山陕会馆历经多次修缮的史实相符。 此外, 还发现在红色颜料中加入钙、 钡的硫酸盐作为红色颜料改性剂的工艺。 研究中首次发现将茜草染料用作建筑彩画颜料, 是对清代使用有机染料制作建筑彩画文献记载的有力佐证。 此前对于古代文物中茜草染料的分析鉴定研究, 主要集中于考古纺织品文物上, 多使用质谱技术, 对设备和样品前处理要求高。 研究中利用显微激光拉曼光谱仪对古建筑彩画上的茜草染料进行便捷、 微损分析, 取得了较好的鉴定结果, 将从分析手段上为古建筑彩画有机染料研究提供重要参考。

The Shan-Shan Guildhall in Liaocheng, Shandong, was built in the eighth year of the Qianlong period. After several extensions and reconstructions, it has a compact layout and gorgeous decoration. It is a well-preserved excellentarchitectural complex in ancient guild halls. The guild hall has the functions of a temple and business hall. It is a witness to the commercial prosperity of the Grand Canal and has high artistic and cultural value. So far, the research on Shan-Shan Guildhall in Liaocheng mainly focuses on its architectural style, art aesthetics, etc. No scientific analysis of the manufacture techniques and materials used in its architectural color paintings exists. Here, 27 red pigments samples from the Shan-Shan Guildhall in Liaocheng were analyzed by microscopic observation, SEM-EDS, laser Raman, and infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the red pigments are Iron red (Fe2O3), vermilion (HgS), red lead (Pb3O4) and madder dyes (mainly C14H8O4 and C14H8O5). Multi-layer repainting techniques are commonly used, including applying new paint after remaking the ground battle, and the construction technique of ancient architectural color paintings that directly draws two layers of paint, such as “red lead base and vermilion cover”. Theresult is consistent with the documentary record. In addition, the technique of adding calcium and barium sulfates as modifiers to red pigments was also revealed. It is the first time to find madder dyes as architectural color painting pigments in our research, which strongly support the literature record of using organic dyes for architectural color paintings in the Qing Dynasty. Previous studies on the analysis of madder dyes in ancient cultural relics mainly focused on archaeological textiles, mostly using mass spectrometry, which requires expensiveequipment and complex sample pretreatment. In our work, the laser Raman spectroscopy was used to perform convenient and non-destructive analysis for madder dyes in ancient architectural color paintings, and good identification results were obtained. It will provide an important technical reference for the scientific analysis of organic dyes in ancient architectural color paintings.