The real-time detection of ethylene (C₂H₄) is significant for the safety of coal mines, the petrochemical industry, and other industries. Currently, the mainstream methods for C₂H₄ gas concentration detection include gas chromatography and electrochemical sensors. Gas chromatography can separate multicomponent gases and avoid mutual interference. However, this method requires long-term preheating and frequent calibration, making it difficult to complete real-time measurements in industrial scenarios. Although electrochemical sensors have the advantages of small size and low cost, their selectivity is poor, and it is difficult to avoid cross-interference. In contrast, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has the advantages of real-time measurements, high sensitivity, and strong selectivity. They are widely used in industrial gas detection and environmental monitoring. Unfortunately, there are still some difficulties in real-time high-precision detection of C₂H₄. First, information regarding the absorption line of C₂H₄ in the near-infrared band cannot be obtained. Second, the absorption spectrum of C₂H₄ is described as complex band absorption. Third, the absorption spectra of C₂H₄ and CH₄ in the near-infrared band interfere with each other. Therefore, real-time high-precision detection of C₂H₄ is a common problem that urgently needs to be addressed.

First, the gas concentration can be calculated using traditional direct absorption spectroscopy if the accurate parameters of the absorption line are known. However, for C₂H₄, it does not contain an absorption line intensity within the near-infrared band in the HITRAN database. This results in an inability to use a calibration-free method to directly calculate the C₂H₄ concentration. Notably, the concentration calculation method in wavelength modulation spectroscopy does not require accurate spectral line intensity. Therefore, the calibration concept of wavelength modulation spectroscopy is applied to the direct absorption spectroscopy, forming a method named calibrated direct absorption spectroscopy. In addition, faced with the problems of the band absorption of C₂H₄ and the interference of CH₄, a high-precision pressure control system is utilized to complete the spectral line separation under low pressure. In contrast to previous studies, it is necessary to select an appropriately calibrated spectrum in this study. Specifically, standard CH₄ and C₂H₄ gases are measured at a pressure of 100 mbar (1 bar=10⁵ Pa) and the corresponding direct absorption spectra are obtained. By comparing with the simulated spectrum of CH₄ in the HITRAN database, the appropriate calibrated spectrum of C₂H₄ is determined.

Stable pressure plays a vital role in the experiments. After the pressure value stabilizes to 100 mbar, the pressure results of the continuous measurement within 1 h are collected, and the distribution of the pressure results is well fitted by a Gaussian function; the full width at half maximum is 0.008 mbar, which proves the stability of the experimental system for pressure control. The subsequent experiments are conducted at 100 mbar. Within the volume fraction of less than 100×10^-6, the direct absorption spectrum signals of five sets of C₂H₄ are acquired and the concentration results are also calculated. The correlated coefficient of linear fitting between the result and the standard concentration is greater than 0.999, and the maximum measurement error is -1.47×10^-6. In addition, a direct absorption spectrum signal of 10×10^-6 C₂H₄ is selected for limit of detection (LoD) analysis. The peak value of the signal is 5.80×10^-4, and that of the background signal is 0.80×10^-4, which can be calculated to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 7.25. The concentration corresponding to one SNR is defined as the LoD, and its value is 1.38×10^-6. Finally, C₂H₄ with a volume fraction of 20×10^-6 is continuously measured for 40 min, and Allan variance analysis is performed on the volume fraction results. At an integral time of 1 s, the precision of measurement for C₂H₄ is 0.61×10^-6. As the integral time increases, the detection precision can reach 0.04×10^-6.

To address the challenges faced in near-infrared ethylene detection, a calibrated method in wavelength modulation spectroscopy is applied to direct absorption spectroscopy, forming a new method known as calibrated direct absorption spectroscopy. An experimental device for C₂H₄ detection with a high-precision pressure-control system is established, and the direct absorption spectrum of C₂H₄ is measured at approximately 1626 nm. Based on experimental verification, the calibrated direct absorption spectroscopy method can complete the real-time detection of C₂H₄, overcoming the limitations of traditional direct absorption spectroscopy. We also hope to address real-time detection problems of other similar gases, which can significantly expand the application of direct absorption spectroscopy.