基于高温原位观测的高速风洞内强激光诱导的瞬态破坏行为研究 下载: 598次封面文章【增强内容出版】
Laser damage experiment in the high-speed wind tunnel is an important method for studying the mechanism of high-speed targets exposed to laser irradiation. There is no substantive progress in the instantaneous ablative behavior of laser-irradiated surfaces owing to the high-temperature radiation coupled with factors such as laser radiation and high-speed wind tunnel environment interference. The conventional methods are used to obtained data, such as the final ablation morphology, ablation depth, or average mass ablation rate, after the experiment. However, the traditional methods cannot provide instantaneous and reliable failure evolution process or real-time experimental data. The temperature of the specimens under laser irradiation was extremely high. For instance, the temperature of ceramic-based composites can exceed 3000 ℃ under a high laser power density. The experimental data on the instantaneous ablative morphology of high-temperature targets exposed to laser irradiation and supersonic tangential airflow have not been reported until now. In the present study, we propose an in-situ observation technology suitable for obtaining the instantaneous laser-irradiated ablative morphology of different materials. The real-time ablative behaviors of the metals and composite materials under supersonic tangential airflow were captured. The ablative characteristics of the specimens were analyzed using image processing methods, and instantaneous ablative data were obtained.
Titanium alloy, nickel-based superalloy, ceramic-based C/SiC, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer CFRP composites are studied in this paper. First, an in-situ observation platform suitable for laser-irradiated extreme high-temperature environments was established, which mainly composed of a high-speed camera, auxiliary lighting system, attenuating filter, and narrow band-pass filter. Subsequently, laser damage experiments were conducted in a supersonic wind tunnel. The experiment employed a supersonic wind tunnel facility at the State Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Gas Dynamics (LHD) of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It operates on the oxygen-hydrogen combustion principle and can provide a free stream of Mach number 1.8-4.0 in the test section. It comprises heaters, nozzles, air supply systems, consoles, and a measurement system. In the experiments, the tangential supersonic airflow was set to Mach number 3.0. The total temperature and pressure of the gas flow were 815 K and 1850 kPa, respectively. Finally, the optical flow method was used to analyze the ablative characteristics and particle motion velocity of each material, and the instantaneous ablation rate was obtained using the PIV method combined with the structural characteristics of the composite material layup.
The burn-through behaviors of titanium alloy and nickel-based superalloy were obtained. The burn-through time under the coupled action of laser and tangential airflow are 1.32 s and 1.44 s, respectively. The final perforation diameters are 7.23 mm and 5.72 mm, respectively. The difference in the flow pattern and burn-through time is attributed to the instability of the melt surface. According to the Kelvin-Helmholtz theory, the mechanism of the burn-through behavior is mainly related to the surface tension and density of the material. Although the melting point of the titanium alloy TC4 (1670 ℃) is higher than that of the nickel-based superalloy GH625 (1340 ℃), the high-density nickel-based superalloy exhibits better resistance to laser breakdown under tangential airflow condition. For the C/SiC composite, the ablative evolution process of the microscopic structure and the formation and migration of silicon dioxide droplets in the edge region of the laser irradiation are clearly visible in the experimental images. The results show that the in-situ observation technology can also be used to observe the ablative behavior of composite materials. Different braided structures can influence the ablative behavior and ablation depth. The ablation depth of the 2D C/SiC composite was 1.13 mm, whereas that of the 3DN C/SiC composite was 1.23 mm. Compared with the 2D C/SiC composite, the 3DN C/SiC composite exhibits higher thermal conductivity in the thickness direction, resulting in a significantly higher temperature than that of the 2D C/SiC composite; therefore, its thermochemical ablation rate is also higher than that of 2D C/SiC. The instantaneous ablation depths of the CFRP were obtained using PIVlab. The results showed apparent nonlinear behavior. The laser ablation depth of a CFRP composite under supersonic tangential airflow is related to the laser power density and airflow velocity. The ablation depth is 0.36 mm when the laser power density is 1273 W/cm2, and the airflow velocity is Mach number of 1.8. When the airflow velocity increases to Mach number of 3.0, the ablation depth increases to 0.47 mm. When the laser power density increased to 2546 W/cm2, the ablation depth increased to 1.07 mm. These results indicate that the laser power density has a strong influence on the laser ablation depth.
In this study, an in-situ observation technology of laser-irradiated high-temperature is proposed, and the instantaneous ablative morphology of metals and composite materials exposed to laser and supersonic tangential airflow is obtained. Real-time ablative data were calculated using image processing methods. The flow of molten metals in the wake zone and the diffusive characteristics of the heat-affected zone were obtained using the Horn-Schunck optical flow method. The ablative behaviors of the composites were related to the braided structure of the reinforced phase. The mechanical ablation effect of the 2D C/SiC composite is mainly sheet-like ablation, whereas the behaviors of the 3DN C/SiC and CFRP composites are mainly fiber-by-layer ablation. The instantaneous ablation depths of the CFRP composites were obtained using PIV method. The results show that the in-situ observation technology proposed in this study has broad application prospects in extreme high-temperature engineering, especially in the study of laser damage effects.
1 引言
在高速风洞内开展地面激光破坏实验,是高速目标激光毁伤机理研究的一种重要手段[1-3]。强激光辐照下靶材表面迅速升温形成的高温强辐射,以及激光辐射、高速风洞环境干扰等因素,导致目前对激光辐照面瞬态烧蚀行为的直接观测还没有实质性进展。通常采用实验结束后对靶材进行测量的方法获取最终的烧蚀形貌、烧蚀深度或平均质量烧蚀速率等数据,同时利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察材料表面的显微组织特征,采用能谱分析(EDS)对材料表面的化学成分进行定性和半定量分析,或用X射线衍射(XRD)对材料的相组成进行定性分析,据此推测出研究对象的激光烧蚀机理[4-10]。但上述方法无法为激光烧蚀机理研究提供实时可靠的失效演化过程以及相关实验数据。
国内外为了获取材料的瞬态烧蚀形貌开展了一些研究工作,如:黄永光等[11]通过高速摄影技术分析了不同激光功率密度条件下激光辐照碳纤维复合材料的烧蚀行为,但由于火焰和热解气体的影响没有获得激光辐照区域的烧蚀形貌;孙翔宇等[12]利用光学测量技术获得了绝热材料的动态烧蚀特性;Qu等[13]在电弧加热风洞实验中采用原位测量光电系统获得了混合连续纤维(石英纤维、玻璃纤维)增强复合材料的实时烧蚀图像;Sakai等[14]设计了一种可以实时原位测量烧蚀界面的烧蚀传感器,但该系统的测量区域有限;Martin等[15]开发了一种X射线技术,用于获取烧蚀材料的实时信息;Gangireddy等[16]利用原位显微镜直接观测了1450~1650 ℃下ZrB2-SiC复合材料的氧化行为;Fang等[17]基于实时原位观测技术分析了1800 ℃氧乙炔焰条件下SiC表面二氧化硅液珠的形成、流动和生长机制;Tang等[18]为了抑制氧乙炔焰高温下烧蚀试样的辐射,采用高功率蓝光光源,并在拍摄相机前安装蓝光带通滤光片,实现了C/C复合材料在2000 ℃以下烧蚀表面演化的实时捕捉。
不同于氧乙炔焰或电弧加热测试条件下烧蚀材料的正表面,激光辐照条件下还存在激光反射导致的过度曝光以及温度更加极端等问题(高激光功率密度条件下超高温陶瓷C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀温度可达3000 ℃以上)。所查资料显示,目前尚未有高速风洞条件下激光诱导高温靶材瞬态烧蚀形貌实验数据的相关报道。本文提出了一种适用于获取激光诱导极端高温下材料烧蚀形貌的原位观测技术,研究了典型金属材料和复合材料在超声速切向气流条件下的动态烧蚀行为,通过图像处理分析了研究对象的烧蚀特征并获得了瞬时烧蚀数据。
2 实验系统与原位观测技术
2.1 实验方法
实验系统示意图如
获取材料激光辐照面动态烧蚀过程的难点主要在于如何避免激光反射以及材料在激光诱导高温条件下的强辐射所导致的图像过度曝光。为了解决以上问题,实验中采用由高速摄像机、辅助照明系统、衰减片和窄带通滤光片组成的原位观测系统。其中的辅助照明系统可以提供不同于高能激光波长的背景光源,实验中采用该系统并结合窄带通滤光片来避免激光反射并降低高温强辐射对图像采集的影响。虽然窄带通滤波片可以抑制其余波长光线对高速摄像机拍摄的影响,但其本波长范围内的辐射仍可使图像过度曝光,所以还需结合衰减片来降低辐射强度从而获得清晰图像。实验中使用的是Vision Research公司生产的Phantom v2012高速摄像机,其采样频率为100 Hz,分辨率为1280 pixel×800 pixel。辅助照明系统的波长为810 nm,光源功率为200 W。窄带通滤光片的中心波长为810 nm,带宽(半峰全宽)为10 nm,光密度(OD)值为OD3。衰减片选择ND64。在实验过程中,高能激光系统、辅助照明系统和高速摄像机通过数字延迟/脉冲发生器(作为时序控制器)实现统一触发和启动,从而保证采样时间的一致性。实验前,激光器及测量设备均处于外触发模式。首先运行风洞,待风洞稳定出风后,统一触发激光器与原位观测系统。
2.2 图像处理方法
瞬时烧蚀物理图像可为各类图像处理方法获取更多的烧蚀数据提供基础,如王福斌等[19]基于瞬时烧蚀物理图像,采用改进的小波阈值滤噪和K均值聚类分割图像处理方法获得了飞秒激光诱导的有效光斑区域。本团队采用光流法分析了各典型材料的烧蚀特征与质点运动速率,然后采用粒子图像测速法(PIV法)并结合复合材料的铺层结构特征获得了瞬时烧蚀速率。
光流法作为运动目标的检测方法,可利用序列图像灰度随时间的变化来确定物体结构及其运动状态[20]。将光流法应用于激光破坏效应研究中,可以分析激光诱导的温度场变化、热变形、烧蚀形貌演变以及高速气流剥蚀作用引起的物质运动速度。光流法的基本原理如下:
设t时刻像素点(x,y)处的灰度值为I(x,y,t);在t+Δt时刻,该像素点更新到位置(x+Δx,y+Δy),灰度值更新为I(x+Δx,y+Δy,t+Δt)。根据灰度对时间不变原理可得
通过泰勒公式将上式展开得
式中:ε代表泰勒公式展开后的高阶项。然后将沿x方向和y方向的光流矢量分量u(x,y,t)和v(x,y,t)代入
由于光流场中有两个变量,但却只有一个基本控制方程,因此无法求出唯一解。Horn和Schunck提出了一种用光流的全局平滑性假设来求解光流的方法,即Horn-Schunck算法。u和v的求解公式为
式中:
粒子图像测速法常用于流场速度的测量。进行多次摄像,以记录流场中粒子的位置,进而分析并测出流动速度。对于一些离散固体,比如沙砾,通过该测速法也可以获得沙砾质点的流动速度[21]。本文以复合材料中的纤维作为示踪粒子,计算纤维的瞬时运动速度。首先将获取到的烧蚀图像导入开源软件MATLAB工具箱PIVlab中,然后选取图像上约5 mm×5 mm的激光辐照中心区域进行分析。数据分析过程中使用3次传递:第1次传递128 pixel,第2次传递64 pixel,第3次传递32 pixel。通过高通滤波器去除图像中的低频噪点信息,最后得到纤维运动速度矢量云图。
2.3 实验材料
为了验证原位观测技术在激光诱导的极端高温环境中的适用性,选取两种典型的金属材料和两种典型的复合材料作为研究对象,前者包括钛合金和镍基高温合金,后者包括超高温陶瓷C/SiC复合材料和碳纤维增强环氧树脂CFRP层合板。其中:钛合金牌号为TC4,镍基高温合金牌号为GH625,两种试件的尺寸均为50 mm×50 mm×2 mm;C/SiC复合材料有两种结构,一种是二维(2D)编织结构,另一种是三维针刺(3DN)结构,增强相均为T300碳纤维,均采用化学气浸渗(CVI)工艺制备得到,并且试件表面沉积了厚度约为50 μm的SiC涂层,试件尺寸均为50 mm×50 mm×2 mm,基本性能参数如
表 1. C/SiC复合材料的基本性能参数
Table 1. Basic performance parameters of C/SiC composite
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表 2. T700/BA9916 CFRP复合材料的主要物理、力学性能
Table 2. Main physical and mechanical properties of T700/BA9916 CFRP composite
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3 结果与讨论
3.1 典型金属材料的激光破坏行为
钛合金在超声速切向气流条件下的激光破坏过程如
图 2. 钛合金在激光辐照与超声速切向气流条件下的动态烧蚀形貌(每幅图中的上图为原位观测结果,下图为光流法处理结果)。(a)0.4 s;(b)0.8 s;(c)1.2 s;(d)1.6 s;(e)2.0 s;(f)2.4 s
Fig. 2. Dynamic laser ablation morphology of Ti alloy exposed to laser irradiation and supersonic tangential airflow (the figure includes two parts: upper figure is obtained by in-situ observation technology, lower figure is obtained by optical flow method). (a) 0.4 s; (b) 0.8 s; (c) 1.2 s; (d) 1.6 s; (e) 2.0 s; (f) 2.4 s
由
镍基高温合金在激光与超声速气流联合作用下的瞬时烧蚀行为如
图 3. 镍基高温合金在激光辐照与超声速切向气流条件下的动态烧蚀形貌(每幅图中的上图为原位观测结果,下图为光流法处理结果)。(a)0.4 s;(b)0.8 s;(c)1.2 s;(d)1.6 s;(e)2.0 s;(f)2.4 s
Fig. 3. Dynamic laser ablation morphology of Ni-based superalloy exposed to laser irradiation and supersonic tangential airflow (the figure includes two parts: upper figure is obtained by in-situ observation technology, lower figure is obtained by optical flow method). (a) 0.4 s; (b) 0.8 s; (c) 1.2 s; (d) 1.6 s; (e) 2.0 s; (f) 2.4 s
钛合金与镍基高温合金这两种典型金属材料在激光与切向气流耦合作用下的击穿时间分别为1.32 s和1.44 s,最终穿孔直径分别为7.23 mm和5.72 mm。造成流动模式以及击穿时间差异的原因主要在于两者不同的熔体表面不稳定性。根据Kelvin-Helmholtz机制[22],当切向气流的能量耦合到激光诱导的熔融态表面时,会形成不稳定的毛细波,随着时间延长,毛细波的波顶形成液体小珠,而液体小珠会被切向气流挟带移走。该机制主要与材料的表面张力、密度正相关,即材料呈熔融态时的表面张力和密度越大,气流加速击穿的作用越小。因此,虽然钛合金TC4的熔点(1670 ℃)高于镍基高温合金GH625的熔点(1340 ℃),但在切向气流条件下高密度的镍基高温合金反而具有更好的抗激光击穿性能。
3.2 典型复合材料的激光破坏行为
2D C/SiC复合材料在超声速切向气流条件下的激光破坏过程如
图 4. 2D C/SiC复合材料在激光辐照与超声速切向气流条件下的动态烧蚀形貌(每幅图中的上图为高速摄影获取的结果,下图为光流法处理结果)。(a)0.4 s;(b)0.8 s;(c)1.2 s;(d)1.6 s;(e)2.0 s;(f)2.4 s
Fig. 4. Dynamic laser ablation morphology of 2D C/SiC composite exposed to laser irradiation and supersonic tangential airflow (the figure includes two parts: upper figure is obtained by in-situ observation technology, lower figure is obtained by optical flow method). (a) 0.4 s; (b) 0.8 s; (c) 1.2 s; (d) 1.6 s; (e) 2.0 s; (f) 2.4 s
由
图 5. 3DN C/SiC复合材料在激光辐照与超声速切向气流条件下的动态烧蚀形貌(每幅图中的上图为高速摄影获取的结果,下图为光流法处理结果)。(a)0.4 s;(b)0.8 s;(c)1.2 s;(d)1.6 s;(e)2.0 s;(f)2.4 s
Fig. 5. Dynamic laser ablation morphology of 3DN C/SiC composite exposed to laser irradiation and supersonic tangential airflow (the figure includes two parts: upper figure is obtained by in-situ observation technology, lower figure is obtained by optical flow method). (a) 0.4 s; (b) 0.8 s; (c) 1.2 s; (d) 1.6 s; (e) 2.0 s; (f) 2.4 s
不同的编织结构会使C/SiC复合材料的动态烧蚀行为出现差异,同时它们的烧蚀深度也有所不同:2D C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀深度为1.13 mm,而3DN C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀深度为1.23 mm。主要原因在于两者的热物性参数以及碳纤维含量不同。相比于2D C/SiC复合材料,3DN C/SiC复合材料在厚度方向上的热导率更大,导致其温度明显高于2D C/SiC,所以其热化学烧蚀速率也会高于2D C/SiC。同时,在激光功率密度为2546 W/cm2的辐照条件下,激光辐照中心区域很快达到SiC基体的热分解反应温度,甚至达到碳的升华温度。升华反应为吸热过程,碳纤维含量越高,能够吸收的激光能量越多,所以此时C/SiC复合材料的抗烧蚀性能还取决于碳纤维含量。3DN C/SiC中碳纤维的质量分数(36.0%)要小于2D C/SiC中碳纤维的质量分数(54.2%),因此其烧蚀深度大于2D C/SiC。
3.3 基于粒子图像法获取瞬时烧蚀速率
图 6. CFRP复合材料在激光辐照与超声速切向气流条件下的动态烧蚀形貌。(a)0.8 s;(b)1.6 s;(c)2.4 s;(d)4.0 s
Fig. 6. Dynamic laser ablation morphology of CFRP composite exposed to laser irradiation and supersonic tangential airflow. (a) 0.8 s; (b) 1.6 s; (c) 2.4 s; (d) 4.0 s
裸露纤维铺层角度的变化说明了CFRP复合材料的烧蚀深度在逐渐变化。以纤维作为参考粒子,基于PIVlab获得了CFRP的瞬时烧蚀深度,所选计算区域为
图 7. CFRP复合材料在超声速切向气流作用下的激光烧蚀行为。(a)速度矢量云图;(b)不同功率和马赫数下的瞬时烧蚀深度
Fig. 7. Laser ablation behavior of CFRP composite subjected to supersonic tangential airflow. (a) Velocity vector chart; (b) instantaneous laser ablation depth under different laser power densities and Mach numbers
4 结论
本文提出一种极端高温激光烧蚀原位观测技术,并采用该技术获得了超声速切向气流作用下激光诱导的典型金属和复合材料的动态烧蚀形貌,清晰的瞬时烧蚀图像为理解复杂的激光烧蚀机理提供了更加直观的支撑性数据。通过图像处理方法获取更多的实时烧蚀数据,可以准确地分析不同金属材料熔融尾迹区域的形成过程与形貌差异,例如钛合金尾迹区从燕尾状转变为羽翼状的过程以及镍基高温合金的雨滴状流动过程。基于Horn-Schunck光流法还能获得尾迹区熔融态金属的流动以及热影响区的扩散特征。复合材料的烧蚀行为与其增强相编织结构有关:2D C/SiC复合材料的机械剥蚀效应以片状剥蚀为主,而3DN C/SiC以及CFRP复合材料以纤维逐层剥蚀为主。此外,基于粒子图像速度法并以不同铺层方向纤维的运动方向为判据,获得了CFRP复合材料的瞬时烧蚀深度。通过以上分析可知,本文所提原位观测技术在极端高温工程,特别是激光破坏效应研究中具有广阔的应用前景。
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Article Outline
马特, 王江涛, 袁武, 宋宏伟, 王睿星. 基于高温原位观测的高速风洞内强激光诱导的瞬态破坏行为研究[J]. 中国激光, 2023, 50(16): 1602201. Te Ma, Jiangtao Wang, Wu Yuan, Hongwei Song, Ruixing Wang. High Temperature In-Situ Observation of High-Power Laser Induced Instantaneous Damage Behavior in High-Speed Wind Tunnel[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2023, 50(16): 1602201.