故宫奉先殿是明清两代皇帝祭祀祖先的家庙, 地位仅次于太庙。 奉先殿始建于明成祖时期, 现存建筑主要建于康熙时期, 其上保留了为数不多的清初彩画, 是研究清初彩画的珍贵实物。 利用显微观察、 扫描电子显微镜能谱和激光拉曼光谱分析, 对取自奉先殿的彩画颜料进行分析鉴定。 结果表明, 奉先殿彩画中部分红色和蓝色颜料层存在分层现象, 表层颜色鲜艳明亮, 中层和下层颜色偏浅, 每层所用颜料配方不同。 红色颜料有朱砂、 铅丹和铁红, 绿色颜料均为氯铜矿, 蓝色颜料均为石青, 用铅白打底。 浅色颜料由主显色矿物颜料加入以铅白为主的白色颜料混合调制而成。 其中浅红色由铅丹与铅白调和而成, 浅绿色由氯铜矿与铅白调和而成。 浅蓝色颜料中未发现铅白, 但含有大量Al元素和Si元素, 推测含有高岭土。 浅蓝色颜料有可能是由石青与高岭土调制而成。 奉先殿彩画中未发现清晚彩画常用的合成群青、 巴黎绿等颜料, 反映出奉先殿彩画的绘制年代很有可能就是档案记载的康熙年间, 之后未有大修。 高岭土作为白色颜料调配浅色颜料在彩画制作中比较少见, 奉先殿彩画中高岭土的发现丰富了清代早期彩画颜料制作的资料, 具有一定的学术意义。

Fengxian Dian is an ancestral worship hallinside the Forbidden City where the emperor's family of the Ming and Qing Dynasties offered sacrifices to their ancestors, ranking second only to the Imperial Ancestral Temple (Tai Miao). Fengxian Dian was built in the Ming Dynasty and destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. It was reconstructed during the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, and the existing buildings were mainly built in the Kangxi period, which is recorded in the archives. Fengxian Dian preserves a few extant colored paintings of the early Qingdynasty, which is the precious material to study the decorative paintings art in this period.The pigment samples from the Fengxian Dian were analyzed and identified for the first time using microscopic observation, laser Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS.The results show that there is a stratification phenomenon in some red and blue color layers. What's more, the color of the surface layer is brighter, while the color of the middle layer and the lower layer is light, and the pigment formula used in each layer is different. The red pigments are vermilion(HgS), red lead (Pb₃O₄) and red ochre (Fe₂O₃), green pigment is atacamite [CuCl₂·3Cu(OH)₂], blue pigment is azurite [2CuCO₃·Cu(OH)₂], white pigments are lead white [2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂]. Light color pigment is mineral pigments mixed with white pigment dominated by lead white. Among them, the light red color pigment is composed of red lead and lead white, and the light green color pigment is made of atacamite and lead white. However, no lead white is found in light blue, and kaolin [Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄] is speculated because of many Al and Si elements present. The light blue color pigment is probably composed of azurite and kaolin. The absence of synthetic pigments such as ultramarine and emerald green, which were commonly used in the late Qing dynasty, confirms no major reparation of the polychrome paintings in Fengxian Dian after the Kangxi period. It is rare to use kaolin as the white pigment to confect light pigments. The discovery of kaolin in colored paintings of Fengxian Dian has enriched the materials of pigment production of the early Qing Dynasty, which have certain academic significance.