Efficient and precise photon-number-resolving detectors are essential for optical quantum information science. Despite this, very few detectors have been able to distinguish photon numbers with both high fidelity and a large dynamic range, all while maintaining high speed and high timing precision. Superconducting nanostrip-based detectors excel at counting single photons efficiently and rapidly, but face challenges in balancing dynamic range and fidelity. Here, we have pioneered the demonstration of 10 true photon-number resolution using a superconducting microstrip detector, with readout fidelity reaching an impressive 98% and 90% for 4-photon and 6-photon events, respectively. Furthermore, our proposed dual-channel timing setup drastically reduces the amount of data acquisition by 3 orders of magnitude, allowing for real-time photon-number readout. We then demonstrate the utility of our scheme by implementing a quantum random-number generator based on sampling the parity of a coherent state, which guarantees inherent unbiasedness, robustness against experimental imperfections and environmental noise, as well as invulnerability to eavesdropping. Our solution boasts high fidelity, a large dynamic range, and real-time characterization for photon-number resolution and simplicity with respect to device structure, fabrication, and readout, which may provide a promising avenue towards optical quantum information science.

基于微通道板的单光子探测器具有体积小、结构紧凑等优点，将其与位置灵敏阳极相结合能够准确记录光子到达的时间信息及位置信息。通过分析延迟线阳极探测器的原理，提出一种基于印刷电路板制备的新型二维交叉延迟线阳极。与传统的电荷直接收集方式不同，该阳极基于电荷感应技术，由高阻感应层代替阳极收集电子，消除了阳极电子再分配带来的噪声。搭建了一套基于交叉延迟线阳极的实验系统并对研制的位敏阳极探测器进行测试，测试结果表明探测器空间分辨率最优为107 um，暗计数为0.23 counts/(cm2?s)。研制的新型交叉延迟线阳极为大面阵单光子成像探测应用奠定了基础。

在量子密钥分发系统中，强光致盲攻击利用单光子探测器在实际工作中可能存在因强光导致的线性探测模式, 实现对单光子探测器输出0或1的控制, 从而实施密钥窃取。针对前人提出的新型脉冲光致盲攻击方案可能存在的漏洞, 提出了一种基于分光检测的脉冲光致盲攻击防御方案。在现行通过检测器件工作电流大小来判断是否有强光攻击存在的防御措施基础上, 该方案在单光子探测器被致盲之前实现强脉冲光的100%检测, 从而关闭脉冲光致盲攻击的检测漏洞, 提升量子密钥分发系统的安全性。