将脉冲激光的空间展开与激光超声无损检测相结合，数值分析及实验研究了激光瞬态光栅作用于铝合金板的结构响应。数值分析了反射-吸收综合模型框架下表面粗糙度对吸收率的影响，进行了直径1 mm外型、脉冲宽度1 ns、单脉冲6 mJ输入下激光瞬态光栅激励过程的仿真，并开展了相同能量条件下束斑点光源、有限长度线光源的比对分析；数值分析结果表明，观测距离小于等于4 mm的范围内，瞬态光栅激发下峰值为点源激发的2~5倍，且结构表面能量密度约为点源模式的1%、线源模式的12.7%。开发了瞬态光栅模块并搭建了激发-检测实验系统，结合49.36 mm×49.80 mm×4.97 mm尺寸的铸铝平板进行了验证比对。实验结果表明，60 kHz高通滤波下噪声幅值约为1 nm，距离光栅中心位置2 mm处表面位移峰值的相对偏差最大值为8.91%、10 mm处信号时延对应的声表面波速度偏差为6.62%。

We discuss the dynamics of ultrashort pulsed laser excitation in bulk optical silica-based glasses (fused silica and borosilicate BK7) well-above the permanent modification threshold. We indicate subsequent structural and thermomechanical energy relaxation paths that translate into positive and negative refractive index changes, compression and rarefaction zones. If fast electronic decay occurs at low excitation levels in fused silica via self-trapping of excitons, for carrier densities in the vicinity of the critical value at the incident wavelength, persistent long-living absorptive states indicate the achievement of low viscosity matter states manifesting pressure relaxation, rarefaction, void opening and compaction in the neighboring domains. An intermediate ps-long excited carrier dynamics is observed for BK7 in the range corresponding to structural expansion and rarefaction. The amount of excitation and the strength of the subsequent hydrodynamic evolution is critically dependent on the pulse time envelope, indicative of potential optimization schemes.