强激光加载下金属材料产生的微喷射现象及其内在的机理分析是冲击压缩科学与工程领域研究的前沿问题，相关研究对于认识材料在极端载荷条件下的动力学行为具有重要意义。近年来国内外科学家们基于各大激光装置开展了大量微喷射诊断实验研究，在喷射物性质、金属界面不稳定性增长以及微喷混合问题等方面取得了一系列重要进展。通过回顾微喷静态和动态诊断实验的研究历程，对微喷诊断实验研究方法的重要应用作了详细介绍，同时对微喷产生的主要作用机制、影响因素以及微喷混合等问题进行回顾、梳理和总结。根据当前国内外微喷诊断实验发展趋势，归纳总结目前微喷诊断实验研究结果中仍存在的不足，并对微喷射实验研究未来发展方向进行展望。

闪光X射线照相是利用加速器产生的短脉冲X射线对快速运动的致密客体进行透视照相的技术。概述了闪光X射线照相对X射线的性能要求；回顾了闪光X射线照相及其加速器的发展历程；分析了闪光X射线照相用加速器的发展方向。

基于PFN-Marx技术路线研制了200 kV脉冲驱动源，采用了超前触发技术，实现了在40 Ω水电阻负载上输出电压约200 kV、前沿约25 ns、脉冲宽度约62 ns的脉冲高压。设计了工作电压为200 kV的“Washer-Needle”型二极管，在二极管电压210 kV、电流5 kA条件下，输出X射线脉冲宽度约40 ns，X射线焦斑直径1.2 mm，1 m处照射剂量约15 mR。

We report on the design and first results from experiments looking at the formation of radiative shocks on the Shenguang-II (SG-II) laser at the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics in China. Laser-heating of a two-layer CH/CH–Br foil drives a $\sim 40$ km/s shock inside a gas cell filled with argon at an initial pressure of 1 bar. The use of gas-cell targets with large (several millimetres) lateral and axial extent allows the shock to propagate freely without any wall interactions, and permits a large field of view to image single and colliding counter-propagating shocks with time-resolved, point-projection X-ray backlighting ($\sim 20$ μm source size, 4.3 keV photon energy). Single shocks were imaged up to 100 ns after the onset of the laser drive, allowing to probe the growth of spatial nonuniformities in the shock apex. These results are compared with experiments looking at counter-propagating shocks, showing a symmetric drive that leads to a collision and stagnation from $\sim 40$ ns onward. We present a preliminary comparison with numerical simulations with the radiation hydrodynamics code ARWEN, which provides expected plasma parameters for the design of future experiments in this facility.

介绍了西北核技术研究院研制的4 MV脉冲X射线闪光照相装置（“剑光二号”）系统组成和实验结果。装置基于感应电压叠加器(IVA)驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管（RPD）技术，主要由前级脉冲功率源、感应电压叠加器和RPD等组成。前级脉冲功率源由两台3.2 MV低电感Marx发生器和四路同轴水介质线组成。每台Marx同时给两路脉冲形成线（特征阻抗6 Ω、电气长度30 ns）充电，充电峰值时间约370 ns。每路水介质线采用两级脉冲压缩，为感应腔馈入约1 MV/160 kA/60 ns电脉冲。电触发SF₆气体开关、自击穿水开关分别用作主同步开关和脉冲陡化开关。感应电压叠加器采用四级1.5 MV感应腔串联，每级感应腔采用单点馈入结构。次级采用真空绝缘传输线实现电压叠加和功率传输，特征阻抗由30 Ω线性增大至120 Ω。采用4 MV电压下综合性能较优的RPD来产生强脉冲X射线。装置目前达到技术指标：输出电压4.3 MV、脉冲前沿(10%～90%) 21 ns、半高宽约70 ns、二极管电流85 kA，X射线半高宽约55 ns，整机延时（从Marx触发器输出到X射线产生）约749 ns，标准偏差约7 ns。当RPD阳极采用直径2 mm钨针时，正前方1 m处剂量约15.5 rad(LiF)，正向焦斑约1.4 mm。

We have developed a new radiography setup with a short-pulse laser-driven x-ray source. Using a radiography axis perpendicular to both long- and short-pulse lasers allowed optimizing the incident angle of the short-pulse laser on the x-ray source target. The setup has been tested with various x-ray source target materials and different laser wavelengths. Signal to noise ratios are presented as well as achieved spatial resolutions. The high quality of our technique is illustrated on a plasma flow radiograph obtained during a laboratory astrophysics experiment on POLARs.