天基空间碎片可见光观测系统与关键技术发展概述 
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Overview of Space-Based Optical Observation Systems for Space Debris and Development of Key Technologies
图 & 表
图 1. 点目标探测效果
Fig. 1. Target detection result
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图 2. 光电成像系统示意图
Fig. 2. Schematic of photoelectric imaging system
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图 3. BRDF几何关系图
Fig. 3. Geometrical relationship of BRDF
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图 4. 光学成像模型
Fig. 4. Optical imaging model
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图 5. 成像模型坐标变换过程［26，37］
Fig. 5. Imaging model coordinate transformation process[26,37]
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图 6. 天基碎片感知技术的发展思路
Fig. 6. Development ideas for space-based debris sensing technology
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表 1STARE-A卫星指标
Table1. STARE-A satellite indicators
| Item | Parameter |
|---|
| Weight | 15 kg | | Size | 9.75 cm×9.75 cm×30 cm | | Orbit determination accuracy | 100 m | | Satellite structure | 3U CubeSat | | Platform | Colony Ⅱ | | Optical payload | Cassegrain structure，CMOS detector | | Output data rate | <50 kbit/s | | Track height | 700 km | | Orbital inclination | 98° | | Orbit determination time | Orbit set 1 day before collision | | Observation target characteristics | Observation distance | <100 km | | Target size | <1 m2 | | Relative velocity | <3 km/s | | Observation spectrum | Visible light | | Target SNR | >2.5 | | False alarm rate | About 0.1 times to 10 times a day |
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表 2“黑杰克”项目的主要任务［20］
Table2. Main tasks of the Black Jack project[20]
| Mission | Task content |
|---|
| Autonomous on-orbit decision-making | Develop payload and mission-level autonomous software（including on-orbit distributed decision processors）and demonstrate autonomous orbital operations. The payload can operate autonomously through on-orbit data processing，and the system will autonomously perform on-orbit sharing tasks according to high-level system instructions | | Advanced commercial manufacturing technology | Develop and implement advanced commercial manufacturing of military payloads and spacecraft platforms，with plans to use commercial off-the-shelf（COTS）-type components to develop high-speed manufacturing processes and reduce screening and acceptance testing of spacecraft，thereby enabling low-cost spacecraft manufacturing | | LEO constellation performance demonstration | Low earth orbit（LEO）demonstration validates satellite payloads. Its capabilities are comparable to current geostationary（GEO）orbit systems，enabling a combined cost of less than $6 million per satellite platform，payload，and launch | | Ultimate goal | Develop a constellation of 60 to 200 satellites operating at an altitude of 500 to 1300 km. Data processing for the "Black Jack" payload will be done on-orbit without the support of ground segment. Constellation is able to operate without an operations center for 30 days |
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郑珍珍, 朱振才, 康一舟. 天基空间碎片可见光观测系统与关键技术发展概述[J]. 光学学报, 2022, 42(17): 1712002. Zhenzhen Zheng, Zhencai Zhu, Yizhou Kang. Overview of Space-Based Optical Observation Systems for Space Debris and Development of Key Technologies[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2022, 42(17): 1712002.
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