光学学报, 2022, 42 (17): 1701003, 网络出版: 2022-09-16
水下鬼成像的研究进展 
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Research Progress on Underwater Ghost Imaging
图 & 表
图 2. 基于投影仪的鬼成像结构示意图。待测物体为透射型且调制器为透射型时的（a）鬼成像和（b）单像素成像；待测物体为透射型且调制器为反射型时的（c）鬼成像和（d）单像素成像；待测物体为反射型且调制器为透射型时的（e）鬼成像和（f）单像素成像；待测物体为反射型且调制器为反射型时的（g）鬼成像和（h）单像素成像
Fig. 2. Structural diagram of ghost imaging based on projector. (a) Ghost imaging and (b) single-pixel imaging when object to be measured is transmissive and modulator is transmissive; (c) ghost imaging and (d) single-pixel imaging when object to be measured is transmissive and modulator is reflective; (e) ghost imaging and (f) single-pixel imaging when object to be measured is reflective and modulator is transmissive; (g) ghost imaging and (h) single-pixel imaging when object to be measured is reflective and modulator is reflective
图 5. 水下鬼成像的装置图和模拟结果。（a）水下鬼成像的装置图；（b）盐水和牛奶水环境下的鬼成像、差分鬼成像、压缩感知鬼成像和卷积神经网络鬼成像（CNNGI）
Fig. 5. Experimental setup and simulation results of underwater ghost imaging. (a) Experimental setup of underwater ghost imaging; (b) ghost imaging, differential ghost imaging, compressed sensing ghost imaging and convolutional neural network ghost imaging (CNNGI) in water environment added salt and milk
图 6. 后向散射光作用下的水下鬼成像结果［52］。（a）仿真结果；（b）结果实验
Fig. 6. Underwater ghost imaging results under backscatter light[52]. (a) Simulation result; (b) experiment result
图 7. 水下散斑-物距离、水质浑浊度和视角对水下鬼成像的影响［9］。（a）水下成像装置图；（b）视角测量装置图；（c）电荷耦合器件（CCD）捕获的不同浑浊度图；（d）不同帧数、浑浊度和位置下的鬼成像图；（e）信噪比与浑浊度的关系；（f）光功率、信噪比与视角的关系
Fig. 7. Effects of underwater speckle-object distance, water turbidity and angle of view on underwater ghost imaging[9]. (a) Experimental setup of underwater imaging; (b) experimental setup for measurement of angle of view; (c) images with different turbidities captured by charge-coupled device (CCD); (d) ghost imaging results at different frame numbers, turbidities, and positions; (e) relationship between signal-to-noise ratio and turbidity;(f) relationship among optical power, signal-to-noise ratio and angle of view
图 8. 水下散斑-物距离和折射率对水下鬼成像的影响［10］。（a）不同行进距离下鬼成像结果图；（b）不同行进距离下点扩散函数宽度随总光程的变化；（c）不同折射率下鬼成像结果图；（d）不同折射率下点扩散函数宽度随总光程的变化
Fig. 8. Effects of speckle-object distance and refractive index on underwater ghost imaging[10]. (a) Ghost imaging results at different distances; (b) width of point spread function varying with total optical path under different distances; (c) ghost imaging results under different refractive indices; (d) width of point spread function varying with total optical path under different refractive indices
图 9. 水下散斑-物距离和水温对水下鬼成像的影响［53］。（a）光路示意图；（b）不同位置和温度时成像结果；（c）不同位置处鬼成像信噪比与温度的关系；（d）鬼成像信噪比与散斑-物距离的关系
Fig. 9. Effects of underwater speckle-object distance and water temperature on underwater ghost imaging[53]. (a) Light path diagram; (b) imaging results under different locations and temperatures; (c) relationship between signal-to-noise ratio of ghost imaging and temperature at different locations; (d) relationship between signal-to-noise ratio of ghost imaging and speckle-object distance
图 10. 温度梯度、振动幅度对水下鬼成像的影响［11］。（a）水下环境示意图；（b）不同位置和温度梯度下的成像结果；（c）不同位置下结构相似性（SSIM）与温度梯度的关系；（d）不同振动幅度下的成像结果和结构相似度；（e）结构相似度与浑浊度关系
Fig. 10. Effects of temperature gradient and vibration amplitude on underwater ghost imaging[11]. (a) Schematic diagram of underwater environment; (b) imaging results under different locations and temperature gradients; (c) relationship between structural similarity (SSIM) and temperature gradient at different locations; (d) imaging results and structural similarities under different vibration amplitudes; (e) relationship between structural similarity and turbidity
图 11. 传播距离、海洋湍流系数和光束形貌对水下鬼成像的影响［55，57］。（a）不同传播距离下的成像结果；（b）均方根误差与
Fig. 11. Effects of propagation distance, ocean turbulence coefficients and beam morphology on underwater ghost imaging[55, 57]. (a) Imaging results under different propagation distances; (b) root mean square error varying with
图 12. 海洋湍流系数和浑浊度对水下鬼成像的影响［58-59］。（a）能见度与
Fig. 12. Effects of ocean turbulence coefficient and turbidity on underwater ghost imaging[58-59]. (a) Relationship between visibility and
图 13. 入射角度、传播距离和海洋湍流系数对水下鬼成像的影响［60］。（a）水下光路图；（b）不同入射角度的成像结果；（c）不同传输距离的成像结果。（d）可见度与
Fig. 13. Effects of incident angle, propagation distance and ocean turbulence coefficients on underwater ghost imaging[60]. (a) Light path diagram of underwater; (b) imaging results of different incident angles; (c) imaging results of different transmission distances; (d) relationship between visibility and
图 14. 散斑阿达玛模式的水下鬼成像［61］。（a）随机散斑与阿达玛散斑下的成像结果；（b）不同浑浊度下阿达玛散斑鬼成像与传统成像对比
Fig. 14. Hadamard speckle underwater ghost imaging[61]. (a) Imaging results under random speckles and Hadamard speckles; (b) comparison between Hadamard speckle ghost imaging and traditional imaging under different turbidities
图 15. 激光功率、投影率和浑浊度对阿达玛水下鬼成像的影响［62］。（a）不同激光功率下的阿达玛水下鬼成像；（b）不同投影频率下的阿达玛水下鬼成像；（c）不同浑浊度下的阿达玛水下鬼成像；（d）阿达玛水下鬼成像、相机、压缩感知鬼成像和傅里叶鬼成像结果的对比
Fig. 15. Effects of laser power, projection rate and turbidity on Hadamard underwater ghost imaging[62]. (a) Hadamard underwater ghost imaging under different laser powers; (b) Hadamard underwater ghost imaging under different projection frequencies; (c) Hadamard underwater ghost imaging under different turbidities; (d) comparison of Hadamard underwater ghost imaging, camera, compressed sensing ghost imaging and Fourier ghost imaging results
图 16. 脉冲峰值检测型水下鬼成像［63］。（a）不同传输距离下的鬼成像；（b）不同入射角下的鬼成像；（c）不同介质衰减系数下的鬼成像
Fig. 16. Pulse peak detection underwater ghost imaging[63]. (a) Ghost imaging at different transmission distances; (b) ghost imaging at different incident angles; (c) ghost imaging at different medium attenuation coefficients
图 17. 推扫式计算水下鬼成像和交叉偏振型水下鬼成像［64-66］。（a）推扫式计算水下鬼成像的结构示意图；（b）不同浑浊度和传输距离下的成像对比；（c）交叉偏振型水下鬼成像的结构示意图；（d）不同偏振和浑浊度下的成像对比
Fig. 17. Push-sweep computing underwater ghost imaging and cross-polarization underwater ghost imaging[64-66]. (a) Structural diagram of push-sweep computing underwater ghost imaging; (b) imaging comparison under different turbidities and transmission distances; (c) structural diagram of cross-polarization underwater ghost imaging; (d) imaging comparison under different polarizations and turbidities
图 18. 基于直方图预处理的水下偏振差分鬼成像［12］。（a）直方图偏振差分鬼成像光路示意图；（b）不同浑浊度和偏振下的鬼成像结果；（c）不同浓度下的重建图像灰度的直方图统计结果
Fig. 18. Underwater polarization differential ghost imaging based on histogram preprocessing[12]. (a) Schematic diagram of light path of histogram polarization differential ghost imaging; (b) ghost imaging results under different turbidities and polarizations; (c) histogram statistical results of gray values of reconstructed images under different concentrations
图 20. 水降解函数补偿的水下鬼成像［67］。（a）水降解函数补偿鬼成像、差分鬼成像和傅里叶鬼成像的对比；（b）不同采样率下水降解函数补偿鬼成像和傅里叶鬼成像的结果
Fig. 20. Underwater ghost imaging compensated by water degradation function[67]. (a) Comparison of ghost imaging compensated by water degradation function, differential ghost imaging and Fourier ghost imaging; (b) results of ghost imaging compensated by water degradation function and Fourier ghost imaging at different sampling rates
图 21. 基于小波增强的水下压缩计算鬼成像［68］。（a）纯水下文献［68］中的方法、“俄罗斯娃娃”方法、基于四连接区域的方法、全变分方法、低等级的方法和“蛋糕切割”方法的成像结果；（b）浑水下文献［68］中的方法、“俄罗斯娃娃”方法、基于四连接区域的方法、全变分方法、低等级的方法和“蛋糕切割”方法的成像结果；（c）纯水下峰值信噪比与采样率的关系；（d）污水下峰值信噪比与采样率的关系
Fig. 21. Underwater compression computing ghost imaging based on wavelet enhancement[68]. (a) Imaging results of method in Ref.[68], "Russian Doll" method, method based on four connected region, total variation method, low grade method, and "Cake Cutting" method in tap water; (b) imaging results of method in Ref.[68], "Russian Doll" method, method based on four connected region, total variation method, low grade method, and "Cake Cutting" method in turbid water; (c) relationship between peak signal-to-noise ratio and sampling rate in tap water; (d) relationship between peak signal-to-noise ratio and sampling rate in turbid water
图 22. 基于压缩感知超分辨率卷积神经网络的水下鬼成像［69］。（a）基于压缩感知超分辨率卷积神经网络的重构示意图；（b）不同采样率下的仿真结果；（c）不同浑浊度下文献［69］中的方法、鬼成像和超分辨率卷积神经网络的仿真对比；（d）文献［69］中的方法、鬼成像和超分辨率卷积神经网络的实验结果对比；（e）不同采样率下文献［69］中的方法与全变分正则化的对比
Fig. 22. Underwater ghost imaging based on compressed sensing super-resolution convolutional neural network[69]. (a) Schematic diagram of reconstruction based on compressed sensing super-resolution convolutional neural network; (b) simulation results under different sampling rates; (c) simulation comparison of method in Ref.[69], ghost imaging and super-resolution convolutional neural network under different turbidities; (d) experimental result comparison of method in Ref. [69], ghost imaging and super-resolution convolutional neural network under different turbidities; (e) comparison between method in Ref. [69] and total variational regularization under different sampling rates
图 23. 基于生成对抗网络的水下鬼成像［70］。（a）基于生成对抗网络的水下鬼成像的装置示意图；（b）生成成对的水下数据集的Cycle-GAN网络模型结构；（c）成对的水下数据集；（d）生成对抗网络的模型结构；（e）基于生成对抗网络的水下鬼成像、金字塔深度学习鬼成像和U-Net深度学习鬼成像的仿真对比；（f）基于生成对抗网络的水下鬼成像、金字塔深度学习鬼成像和U-Net深度学习鬼成像的实验对比；（g）浑浊度对基于生成对抗网络的水下鬼成像、金字塔深度学习鬼成像和U-Net深度学习鬼成像的影响
Fig. 23. Underwater ghost imaging based on generative adversarial network[70]. (a) Experimental setup of underwater ghost imaging based on generative adversarial network; (b) Cycle-GAN network model structure for generating paired underwater data sets; (c) paired underwater data sets;(d) model structure of generative adversarial network; (e) simulation comparison of underwater ghost imaging based on generative adversarial network, pyramid deep learning ghost imaging and U-NET deep learning ghost imaging; (f) experimental comparison of underwater ghost imaging based on generative adversarial network, pyramid deep learning ghost imaging and U-NET deep learning ghost imaging; (g) influence of turbidity on underwater ghost imaging based on generative adversarial network, pyramid deep learning ghost imaging and U-NET deep learning ghost imaging
表 1水下鬼成像技术的指标对比
Table1. Comparison of indicators of underwater ghost imaging technology
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杨莫愁, 吴仪, 冯国英. 水下鬼成像的研究进展[J]. 光学学报, 2022, 42(17): 1701003. Mochou Yang, Yi Wu, Guoying Feng. Research Progress on Underwater Ghost Imaging[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2022, 42(17): 1701003.
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