光学相干层析成像（OCT）是一种无创或微创的、可提供组织深度信息的高分辨率可视化实时成像技术，广泛应用于生物医学成像与临床诊断领域。光纤OCT显微内窥成像技术是基于光纤传输和光纤显微内窥成像的OCT技术，除了具有OCT的一般成像优点外，还具有体积小、质量轻、耐腐蚀、电绝缘、抗电磁干扰等特点，尤其适用于对现有其他成像技术无法到达的狭小腔道内的组织病变进行高分辨率检测和早期诊断。随着激光器、探测器和光纤器件制备技术的发展，光纤OCT系统、光纤探头设计和制备都取得了巨大进步，应用场景也得到不断扩展。具体地：光纤OCT系统从时域OCT发展到频域OCT，成像速度和分辨率获得显著提升；光纤OCT内窥成像探头先后历经了光纤-棱镜型、全光纤型及光纤复合型探头三个发展阶段，目前正朝着多功能集成、小型化、一体化的方向发展；光纤内窥OCT的临床应用从呼吸系统和消化系统逐渐拓展到心血管系统。从光纤OCT系统设计、探头设计与制备、内窥成像应用三方面综述近年来光纤OCT显微内窥成像技术的发展现状，重点总结光纤内窥探头的技术发展及其在医学诊断中的应用，最后结合现有前沿技术报道总结展望了未来光纤内窥OCT的发展方向。

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive or minimally invasive imaging technique with high-resolution and real-time visualization capabilities, providing depth information of tissues. It is widely applied in biomedical imaging and clinical diagnostics. Fiber-optic endoscopy based on OCT is an imaging technique employing fiber transmission and fiber endoscopic imaging, which combines the benefits of conventional OCT with features such as compact size, lightweight design, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. This technique excels in high-resolution detection and early diagnosis of tissue abnormalities within narrow luminal structures, overcoming the limitations of existing imaging technologies. Advancements in laser, detector, and optical fiber device fabrication technologies have led to considerable progresses in the design and fabrication of OCT systems and fiber-optic probes, expanding the applications of fiber OCT. Notably, the evolution of fiber OCT systems from time-domain to frequency-domain OCT has resulted in remarkable improvements in imaging speed and resolution. The development of fiber-optic endoscopic OCT imaging probes has traversed three stages: the fiber-prism probe, all-fiber probe, and composite fiber probe. This progression is marked by advancements toward multifunctional integration, miniaturization, and overall integration. The clinical applications of fiber-optic endoscopic OCT have extended beyond the respiratory and digestive systems to encompass the cardiovascular system. This article offers a comprehensive overview of research progresses in fiber-optic endoscopy based on OCT, examining three key perspectives: the evolution of fiber OCT systems, design and fabrication of fiber-based imaging probes, and their recent applications in endoscopic imaging. Ultimately, in conjunction with state-of-the-art technologies, a prospective outlook is presented on the future development of fiber-optic endoscopic OCT techniques.