A real-time wavefront sensing method for arbitrary targets is proposed, which provides an effective way for diversified wavefront sensing application scenarios. By using a distorted grating, the positive and negative defocus images are simultaneously acquired on a single detector. A fine feature, which is independent of the target itself but corresponding to the wavefront aberration, is defined. A lightweight and efficient network combined with an attention mechanism (AM-EffNet) is proposed to establish an accurate mapping between the features and the incident wavefronts. Comparison results show that the proposed method has superior performance compared to other methods and can achieve high-accuracy wavefront sensing in varied target scenes only by using the point target dataset to train the network well.

Tracking moving particles in cells by single particle tracking is an important optical approach widely used in biological research. In order to track multiple particles within a whole cell simultaneously, a parallel tracking approach with large depth of field was put forward. It was based on distorted grating and dual-objective bifocal imaging, making use of the distorted grating to expand the depth of field, dual-objective to gather as many photons as possible, and bifocal plane imaging to realize three-dimensional localization. Simulation of parallel tracking of two particles moving along the z axis demonstrated that even when the two are axially separated by 10 μm, they can both be localized simultaneously with transversal precision better than 5 nm and axial precision better than 20 nm.