Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are intricately designed devices with the purpose of manipulating light fields by precisely modifying their wavefronts. The concept of DOEs has its origins dating back to 1948 when D. Gabor first introduced holography. Subsequently, researchers introduced binary optical elements (BOEs), including computer-generated holograms (CGHs), as a distinct category within the realm of DOEs. This was the first revolution in optical devices. The next major breakthrough in light field manipulation occurred during the early 21st century, marked by the advent of metamaterials and metasurfaces. Metasurfaces are particularly appealing due to their ultra-thin, ultra-compact properties and their capacity to exert precise control over virtually every aspect of light fields, including amplitude, phase, polarization, wavelength/frequency, angular momentum, etc. The advancement of light field manipulation with micro/nano-structures has also enabled various applications in fields such as information acquisition, transmission, storage, processing, and display. In this review, we cover the fundamental science, cutting-edge technologies, and wide-ranging applications associated with micro/nano-scale optical devices for regulating light fields. We also delve into the prevailing challenges in the pursuit of developing viable technology for real-world applications. Furthermore, we offer insights into potential future research trends and directions within the realm of light field manipulation.

Light sheet fluorescence microscope with single light sheet illumination enables rapid 3D imaging of living cells. In this paper we show the design, fabrication and characterization of a diffractive optical element producing several light sheets along a 45° inclined tube. The element, which is based on a multi-focal diffractive lens and a linear grating, generates five thin light sheets with equal intensities when combined with a refractive cylindrical lens. The generated uniform light sheets can be applied for the scanning of samples in tubes enabling flow-driven 3-dimensional imaging.

紫外光学元件损伤动力学的研究是关联物质微观结构演化与光学元件宏观性质变化的重要纽带。在光学元件后表面损伤坑形成的过程中，激光能量沉积导致材料爆炸形成高温高压物质突破表面，并伴随形成爆炸流场和喷溅射流。爆炸流场与初始起爆强度具有强关联性，对爆炸流场及喷溅行为进行研究，可以帮助分析损伤初期的材料状态变化和响应机制，是损伤动力学研究的必需环节。基于多种时间分辨成像技术，捕获了损伤发展前期的材料电离和气化响应演化行为，分析了材料损伤起爆后气化电离等过程的弛豫时间，并确定各个行为转化的关键时间节点，描述了损伤区域能量快速释放的物理过程。

衍射光学元件作为一种典型的微光学元件，其体积小、质量轻、设计自由度多、成像质量良好，在光学成像、光学数据存储、激光技术、生物医学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。随着现代光学系统的不断发展，对衍射光学元件的加工效率和制备精度提出了更高的要求。激光直写技术凭借加工精度高、工艺简单、灵活性好等优势，成为制备高精密仪器中关键光学元件所必需的一种加工方式。针对不同的加工需求，开发了多种激光直写系统，并在应用过程中不断地改进升级。另外，突破衍射极限的飞秒激光微纳结构制造技术，能够获得更高的加工精度和更好的分辨率，为微光学元件的制备提供了新的方法。首先介绍了激光直写技术的特点；其次综述了衍射光学元件直写加工技术的研究进展，包括直写技术的影响因素、激光直写系统和多光束加工技术；接着介绍了衍射光学元件的典型应用，如红外成像、色差校正、光束整形、图像显示；最后，对激光直写技术制备衍射光学元件存在的问题和未来发展趋势做出了总结。

光学元件的表面疵病，即表面缺陷，其形状的大小会直接影响光学系统的性能，在对表面缺陷进行分类时，所面对的很多表面缺陷的形状都是不规则的，依靠普通的模式识别技术，分类很难达到预期的效果。为解决精密光学元件表面缺陷分类方法中精度低、耗时长的问题，提出了基于卷积神经网络的精密光学元件表面缺陷分类方法。采用散射法获取表面缺陷图像,分析其成像特点，通过对图像进行旋转，镜像扩增了数据集，加强了网络的训练能力。使用AC训练网络模型，在不增加额外计算量的同时加强了网络的特征获取力。通过Softmax分类器，将精密光学元件表面缺陷分为划痕、麻点及噪点3类。实验结果表明，所使用的模型对缺陷分类精度超过99.05%。