The optical rogue wave (RW), known as a short-lived extraordinarily high amplitude dynamics phenomenon with small appearing probabilities, plays an important role in revealing and understanding the fundamental physics of nonlinear wave propagations in optical systems. The random fiber laser (RFL), featured with cavity-free and “modeless” structure, has opened up new avenues for fundamental physics research and potential practical applications combining nonlinear optics and laser physics. Here, the extreme event of optical RW induced by noise-driven modulation instability that interacts with the cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering, the quasi-phase-matched four-wave mixing as well as the random mode resonance process is observed in a Brillouin random fiber laser comb (BRFLC). Temporal and statistical characteristics of the RWs concerning their emergence and evolution are experimentally explored and analyzed. Specifically, temporally localized structures with high intensities including chair-like pulses with a sharp leading edge followed by a trailing plateau appear frequently in the BRFLC output, which can evolve to chair-like RW pulses with adjustable pulse duration and amplitude under controlled conditions. This investigation provides a deep insight into the extreme event of RWs and paves the way for RW manipulation for its generation and elimination in RFLs through adapted laser configuration.

Ultra-broadband, intense, coherent terahertz (THz) radiation can be generated, detected, and manipulated using laser-induced gas or liquid plasma as both the THz wave transmitter and detector, with a frequency coverage spanning across and beyond the whole “THz gap.” Such a research topic is termed “plasma-based THz wave photonics in gas and liquid phases.” In this paper, we review the most important experimental and theoretical works of the topic in the non-relativistic region with pump laser intensity below 1018W/cm2.