The additive manufacturing (AM) process plays an important role in enabling cross-disciplinary research in engineering and personalised medicine. Commercially available clinical tools currently utilised in radiotherapy are typically based on traditional manufacturing processes, often leading to non-conformal geometries, time-consuming manufacturing process and high costs. An emerging application explores the design and development of patient-specific clinical tools using AM to optimise treatment outcomes among cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. In this review, we: 1)? highlight the key advantages of AM in radiotherapy where rapid prototyping allows for patient-specific manufacture 2) explore common clinical workflows involving radiotherapy tools such as bolus, compensators, anthropomorphic phantoms, immobilisers, and brachytherapy moulds; 3) investigate how current AM processes are exploited by researchers to achieve patient tissuelike imaging and dose attenuations. Finally, significant AM research opportunities in this space are highlighted for their future advancements in radiotherapy for diagnostic and clinical research applications.

The time- and spectral-resolved set-up for measurements of weak infrared luminescence of photosensitizers (PSs) and singlet oxygen using optical lightguides was used on skin of laboratory animals in vivo. Wistar rats with abdominal incisions treated by methylis aminolevulinitis (MAL) were used as a model. A control group of animals with abdominal incisions was also tested. Spectrally resolved fluorescence of the PS was acquired during the treatment from the same spot. The intensity and spectral profile of the fluorescence signal from the skin can be used to guide the detection setup to the investigated spots in the lesion. The rate of bleaching of Protoporphyrin IX band and appearance of a band of its photoproducts during the treatment can be characterized by the exposition ED, under which the latter becomes dominant feature in fluorescence spectrum. ED value differs statistically significantly between the normal skin and the lesion treated by MAL. No direct proportionality was found between the fluorescence signal and singlet oxygen production. Nevertheless, the strong fluorescence signal is necessary but not a sufficient condition for higher singlet oxygen production in vivo. ED value correlates rather well with production of singlet oxygen, but differently in lesion and normal skin. Lifetimes of singlet oxygen differ between spots outside and in the lesion. PS triplet state lifetimes exhibit weak difference between spots treated and untreated by MAL.

Excited-state singlet oxygen (¹O₂), generated during photodynamic therapy (PDT), is believed to be the primary cytotoxic agent with a number of clinically approved photosensitizers. Its relative concentration in cells or tissues can be measured directly through its near-infrared (NIR) luminescence emission, which has correlated well with in vitro cell and in vivo normal skin treatment responses. Here, its correlation with the response of tumor tissue in vivo is examined, using the photosensitizer meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) in an animal model comprising luciferase- and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transduced gliosarcoma grown in a dorsal window chamber. The change in the bioluminescence signal, imaged pretreatment and at 2, 5 and 9 d post treatment, was used as a quantitative measure of the tumor response, which was classified in individual tumors as \non", \moderate" and \strong" in order to reduce the variance in the data. Plotting the bioluminescence-based response vs the ¹O₂ counts demonstrated clear correlation, indicating that ¹O₂ luminescence provides a valid dosimetric technique for PDT in tumor tissue.

采用中频感应提拉法生长了高光学质量的YAP:Cu(原子数分数为0.5%)单晶，使用RisFTL/OSL-DA-15型热释光(TL)和光释光(OSL)仪系统研究了其TL 性能。研究结果表明：YAP:Cu单晶存在431K和482K两个热释光峰，482K处为主发光峰；TL峰位置不随辐照剂量的变化而变化,显示其为一级动力学峰；YAP:Cu单晶的TL 辐射剂量响应在10-5-102Gy范围内呈较好的线性关系。YAP:Cu晶体是一种TL性能优良并具有潜在应用价值的电离辐射剂量计材料。

针对空间辐射环境进行了理论分析，并使用蒙特卡罗方法，对银河宇宙射线及典型太阳质子事件进行了模拟。通过分析常规屏蔽对空间辐射场及人体剂量的影响、屏蔽下的次级粒子产额等，验证了蒙特卡罗工具包Geant4应用于空间辐射防护研究的准确性。模拟发现: 在常规屏蔽厚度的情况下，对于太阳质子事件，由于其能量主要分布在低能量段(100 MeV以下)，屏蔽效果随屏蔽厚度的增加明显增大，1 g/cm2 Al等效厚度屏蔽皮肤剂量可降低至其初始剂量值的8%左右，10 g/cm2 Al等效厚度的屏蔽可降低至初始剂量值的048%左右; 而对于银河宇宙射线，由于其平均能量较高，屏蔽层的屏蔽作用并不明显，在浅层组织剂量甚至有所增加。

回顾了“激光钻”的发展历程，归纳总结了牙硬组织的光学性质及牙硬组织与激光的相互作用方式和机制，综述了激光在牙釉质、牙本质、牙结石和牙槽骨等硬组织上的应用研究动态和最新进展，并对其存在的问题及发展趋势进行了探讨。分析表明：硬组织激光消融技术在牙科存在广阔的应用前景。

单态氧(1O2)是光动力学疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT)过程中II型光化学反应的主要细胞毒性物质。通过直接测量1O2发光强度预测PDT疗效已成为PDT剂量学研究的前沿热点, 这种方法的最大优点在于能够克服现有其它剂量学方法中的光、光敏剂、氧分子, 以及组织光学特性等因素之间的复杂相互影响, 将PDT的疗效与1O2的产量直接关联起来。本文简述了PDT中1O2的产生机理、及其发光特性和检测技术, 比较和分析了1O2在不同溶剂体系中的寿命。重点总结了PDT-1O2剂量学在离体细胞、活体动物模型和临床前实验的最新研究进展, 并探讨了PDT-1O2剂量学所面临的主要技术挑战和今后的发展趋势。