Silicon waveguides typically exhibit optical anisotropy, which leads to polarization correlation and single-polarization operations. This consequently creates a demand for polarization-control devices. This paper introduces a CMOS-compatible O-band reconfigurable TE/TM polarization rotator comprising two symmetrical polarization rotator–splitters and phase shifters. This configuration enables dynamic conversion of any linear polarization to its quadratic equivalent. Experimental results indicate that the reconfigurable polarization rotator exhibits an insertion loss of less than 1.5 dB. Furthermore, the bandwidth for a polarization extinction ratio beyond 15 dB exceeds 60 nm.

为了实现高纯度脉冲柱矢量光的输出，提出并搭建基于对称双模耦合器的波长可切换的被动锁模柱矢量全光纤激光器。根据光纤传输原理得到基模向高阶模转换的折射率匹配直径，运用模式耦合模理论及光束传播法模拟分析了对称双模耦合器的结构参数对模式选择及耦合特性的影响，采用熔融拉锥法并免去传统的模式选择耦合器制作上的预拉锥工艺制作了对称双模耦合器，通过搭建一套被动锁模柱矢量全光纤激光器实现了中心波长1 039 nm和1 068 nm可切换、脉冲时间间隔为113.8 ns、重频为8.78 MHz、脉宽660 ps/656 ps、最大输出平均功率为5.25 mW/5.2 mW、模式纯度大于97%的柱矢量光输出。实验验证了对称双模耦合器的可行性，为后续高纯度柱矢量光的获得提供一种可行的方案。

介绍了时空锁模的基本原理和时空锁模的理论模型−吸引子解剖。从空间结构和全光纤结构两方面介绍了近年来国内外在时空锁模光纤激光器方面的研究进展，包括激光腔型的改进、输出性能的提升和实时动力学的观测等。最后分析了目前时空锁模激光器的优势和不足，并对其发展方向进行了展望：时空锁模激光器在产生高功率超短脉冲方面有着巨大的优势，但输出光斑质量差在一定程度上限制了它的实际应用；利用时空自相似演化、波前整形等技术提升光束质量将是未来时空锁模激光器的发展方向。

Breathing solitons, i.e., dynamic dissipative solitons with oscillating pulse shape and energy caused by different mechanisms of spatiotemporal instabilities, have received considerable interest from the aspects of nonlinear science and potential applications. However, by far, the study of breathing solitons is still limited within the time scale of hundreds of cavity round trips, which ignores the slow dynamics. To fill this lacuna, we theoretically investigate a new type of vector dissipative soliton breathing regime and experimentally demonstrate this concept using mode-locked fiber lasers, which arise from the desynchronization of orthogonal states of polarization (SOPs) in the form of complex oscillations of the phase difference between the states. The dynamic evolution of polarization states of the vector breathings solitons takes the form of a trajectory connecting two quasi-equilibrium orthogonal SOPs on the surface of the Poincaré sphere. The dwelling time near each state is on the scale of a tenth of a thousand cavity round trip times that equals the breathing period, which is up to 2 orders of magnitude longer than that for common breathers. The obtained results can reveal concepts in nonlinear science and may unlock approaches to the flexible manipulation of laser waveforms toward various applications in spectroscopy and metrology.

基于无波分裂脉冲产生的平坦超连续谱被报道。笔者采用非线性偏振旋转（NPR）作为锁模方法来实现耗散孤子脉冲和无波分裂脉冲的切换输出。在0.3 W的泵浦功率下，获得了耗散孤子脉冲。脉冲宽度为5.8 ps，脉冲间隔为54 ns，与11.05 m的腔长一致，信噪比为55 dB，压缩后的脉冲宽度为0.61 ps。值功率可以被提升到1.18 kW。通过适当调整腔偏振态和增加泵浦功率，耗散孤子可以演化为无波分裂脉冲。随着泵浦功率的提高，脉冲宽度从11.7 ps增加到20.2 ps，几乎增加了两倍。经过计算，时间带宽积从23.9增加到53.43。较大的啁啾可以抵抗非线性相移的影响，从而避免脉冲分裂。无波分裂脉冲的脉冲能量可以提高到3.89 nJ，是耗散孤子脉冲能量的五倍。随后，使用耗散孤子和无波分裂脉冲作为种子源去获得超连续谱。结果表明，在锥形高非线性光纤中，无波分裂脉冲产生的超连续谱范围和平坦度均优于耗散孤子脉冲。基于耗散孤子脉冲和无波分裂脉冲产生的超连续谱范围为1 400~2 000 nm，覆盖了S波段、C波段、L波段三个主要通信波段，20 dB带宽分别为310.3 nm和426.4 nm。这项工作将有助于高能量脉冲光纤激光器的发展，并提高其在超连续谱产生和光通信领域的潜在应用。

研究了一种基于K-means算法和非线性偏振旋转谐振技术的自动锁模传统孤子光纤激光器。实验中通过K-means算法对电动偏振控制器进行调节，利用示波器实时采集数据，并基于脉冲判决算法将脉冲分为基频锁模态和其他状态。当泵浦驱动电流为230 mA时，实现了1 531 nm、脉宽为456 fs的基频传统孤子输出。然后，通过调节电动偏振控制器遍历激光器输出状态，并进行脉冲判决分类。最后，通过K-means算法将处于基频锁模态时电动偏振控制器旋转桨的角度按空间坐标系聚类分析。当光纤激光器处于非基频锁模态时，通过K-means算法调节电动偏振控制器，恢复到基频锁模状态。经过100次测试，从失锁或其他状态调节到基频锁模态点所需平均时间为0.25 s。该工作为实现高效、便捷的光纤激光器自动锁模提供了新的方案。

基于非线性偏振旋转（nonlinear polarization rotation, NPR）锁模机制的光纤激光器因其结构紧凑、可靠性高而备受关注。基于这一锁模原理设计并搭建了掺镱光纤飞秒激光器。当双向泵浦功率为380 mW，在1030 nm波段获得了基频重复率为22.8 MHz的锁模脉冲。脉冲宽度为224 fs，平均功率180 mW，单脉冲能量8 nJ，10 dB带宽约为40 nm，信噪比大于50 dB。该激光器采用环形腔结构产生稳定的锁模飞秒脉冲输出，可实现自启动锁模。泵浦功率增加到1.6 W可观察到最高三阶被动谐波锁模，三次谐波对应68.5 MHz重复频率。该激光器由于在线宽、脉宽、脉冲能量上的优势，在光谱测量、拉曼成像等领域具有应用意义。

Based on the Nd-doped single-mode fiber as the gain medium, an all-fiber 12th harmonic mode-locked (HML) laser operating at the 0.9 µm waveband was obtained for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. A mandrel with a diameter of 10 mm was employed to introduce bending losses to suppress mode competition at 1.06 µm, which resulted in a suppression ratio of up to 54 dB. The 1st–12th order HML pulses with the tunable repetition rate of 494.62 kHz–5.94 MHz were obtained in the mode-locked laser with a center wavelength of ∼904nm. In addition, the laser has an extremely low threshold pump power of 88 mW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an HML pulse has been achieved in a 0.9 µm Nd-doped single-mode all-fiber mode-locked laser with the advantages of low cost, simple structure, and compactness, which could be an ideal light source for two-photon microscopy.