连续变焦系统是一种能够进行连续视场变换的光电成像装置，可对目标进行连续探测和识别，具有快速、稳定的特点。针对其高精度，高稳定控制需求，提出一种分数阶PID（proportion integration differentiation）控制器设计方法，该方法利用内模控制策略构造含有3个整定参数的分数阶PID控制器，且这3个参数通过给定系统穿越频率和相位裕度获得，大大简化了分数阶PID控制器的设计，同时提高了控制器的可实现性。在Matlab平台同传统整数阶PID进行了控制效果对比，仿真结果表明：分数阶PID控制器将稳态误差由0.1 mm提升至0 mm，具有抗干扰性强、鲁棒性强、数字实现后无超调、静差小的特点。最后将数字分数阶PID应用于实际的连续变焦系统，系统可获得清晰稳定的图像，验证了控制策略的有效性。

针对高光谱影像分类方法精度不足的问题，提出一种基于空间-频谱变换（Spectral-Spatial Transformer，SST）网络的高光谱影像分类方法。首先，将高光谱影像预处理为一维特征向量。然后，设计了具有光谱-空间注意力模块和池化残差模块的SST高光谱影像分类网络。本文所提出的分类方法在Indian Pines数据集和Pavia University数据集上的总体分类精度分别为98.67%和99.87%，表明此方法具有较高的分类精度，为高光谱影像分类及应用提供了一种新方案。

单像素成像技术以其较强的弱光探测能力和较宽的工作波段在生物医学成像领域有着广阔的应用前景。通过将单像素成像技术与内窥成像技术相结合，提出两种腹腔镜全彩单像素内窥成像技术方案：一种是RGB三色光源方案将颜色和空间信息分别按时序分配给照明和检测双方，另一种是白光光源方案通过三个探测器同时采集颜色和空间的信息。搭建了两种腹腔镜全彩单像素内窥成像系统，设计了模块化的单像素相机，以多色彩条和肠道模型为成像目标，通过实验从峰值信噪比、结构相似度和成像速度等方面，系统量化分析了两种全彩单像素内窥成像系统的技术指标。实验结果表明，两种方案峰值信噪比和结构相似度接近，而白光光源方案成像速度更快，可以适配各种腹腔镜进行内窥成像，为推动单像素成像在内窥成像领域的应用提供了理论指导。

Overview: Microstructure sensor is a kind of sensor with a 2D or 3D micron-scale structure prepared by advanced manufacturing technology. It is used as a sensitive part to enhance the transmission characteristics of physical, chemical, and biological signals to the environment, and convert the external signals into electrical signals. The microstructure is generally a regular or disordered structure, usually in the shape of microspheres, microcolumns, microcones, microgrooves and micropores. The microstructures with different shapes can realize the functions of puncture, pressure transmission, vibration transmission, drug transmission, bioelectric transmission, heat transmission, sound transmission, gas adsorption, and so on. In recent years, researchers from all over the world have gradually attached great importance to the research on the manufacturing technology of microstructure sensors. At present, researchers have proposed the MEMS manufacturing processes, such as reactive ion etching and chemical vapor deposition, to achieve mass manufacturing of high-precision microstructures on flexible polymer materials and rigid materials. In addition, some researchers have also proposed the manufacturing processes such as template method, self-assembly, nanoimprinting, and soft lithography to realize microstructure manufacturing. However, the above-mentioned manufacturing processes usually cannot prepare microstructure in one step, which has the problems of complex process, high production cost, limited processing materials, and unable to control the microstructure morphology. In contrast, laser manufacturing technology has the advantages of non-contact processing, no mask, customizable manufacturing, etc. By optimizing the parameters of laser process (such as laser power, scanning speed, filling mode and scanning path), it can achieve efficient and low-cost manufacturing of microstructures with different sizes and shapes. Therefore, using laser manufacturing technology to realize microstructure manufacturing and applying it to bioelectricity, temperature, and pressure sensors has become a research hotspot in microstructure sensor manufacturing technology. Laser manufacturing technology mainly includes laser ablation, laser direct writing, laser induction, laser-template processing, etc. Laser ablation is an auxiliary heating process based on the thermochemical and thermophysical effects of a laser beam, which melts the materials to be processed to realize structural forming. Laser direct writing is a manufacturing process that focuses high-energy photon beams on the materials to be processed to produce a photochemical process, and manufacturing the structures through material removal. Laser-induced modification is a manufacturing process to change the physical and chemical properties of the materials to be processed. Laser-template processing is a manufacturing process that uses a laser to produce microstructure molds on silicon, glass, polymer, and other substrates, and then uses soft lithography technology to reverse die the structures on the molds. Based on the interaction between the laser and materials, the induction, removal, and migration of materials to be processed can be realized. By adjusting the laser processing mode and processing parameters, the controlled manufacturing of the 2D or 3D microstructures or the controlled preparation of functional materials for the sensitive units can be realized, breaking through the limitations of efficiency and cost of traditional manufacturing methods for microstructures. In this paper, the types, functions, and manufacturing technologies of microstructures are summarized and classified. The preparation processes of laser manufacturing technology and other advanced manufacturing technologies of microstructures are summarized. The applications of microstructure sensors prepared by laser ablation, laser direct writing, laser induction, and laser-template processing technology in bioelectric sensing, temperature sensing, and pressure sensing are described in detail. Finally, the development trend of the laser manufacturing technology for microstructure sensors is summarized and prospected.